Bronchial provocation challenges with exercise and methacholine were performed on the same day or within a short interval in 52 children with asthma, 22

Lung function was measured in 28 infants with cystic fibrosis and repeated in 17 of the infants during the first year of life. Thoracic gas volume (TGV) and specific airway conductance (sGaw) were measured plethysmographically and maximum forced expiratory flow at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC) was derived from the partial expiratory flow-volume curve. At the time of the initial evaluation respiratory function was correlated with the clinical condition of the infants but not with age. There was a good correlation between sGaw and VmaxFRC when both were expressed as percentages of the predicted normal values. On the basis of the normal range for sGaw the infants were divided into two groups. Group A (n = 9), who had normal sGaw, were younger and had a lower clinical score and normal VmaxFRC and TGV values. Group B (n = 19), who had low sGaw, had increased TGV and decreased VmaxFRC. There was no correlation with age for any measure of lung function for the population as a whole. Repeat testing was undertaken at intervals in 17 representative infants. In most of these infants the relation between sGaw and VmaxFRC was maintained; there was no evidence that VmaxFRC was affected before sGaw. There was no functional evidence that the earliest changes in cystic fibrosis occur in small airways, as reflected by changes in VmaxFRC in infancy.

The incidence of all diagnosed cases of familial dysautonomia in Israel among Ashkenazi Jews from 1977–1981 was 27/100,000 or 1/3703. This incidence is higher than that previously reported in Israel in 1967 of 8.3/100,000 (1/12,048) (Moses et al. 1967). It is also higher than that of North American Ashkenazi Jews in 1970, when the rate was 5–10/100,000 (1/ 10,000–20,000) (Brunt & McKusick 1970). This higher incidence could be explained by current awareness of the diagnosis, or by the emergence of more cases.

Twenty one children with asthma aged 1.O10-5 years (mean (SD) 3-3 (2.5) years) were admitted to the hospital to evaluate pulmonary right middle lobe or lingular collapse lasting one to 12 months (mean (SD) 4-4 (3.8) months). Seven children had mild asthma and were treated with inhaled 02 agonists as needed. Nine had moderate asthma treated with either sodium cromoglycate or slow release theophylline. Five had severe asthma treated with inhaled steroids. Each child underwent fibreoptic bronchoscopy under local anaesthesia and a bronchoalveolar lavage. Differential cell counts of the lavage fluid revealed predominance of neutrophils in 12 patients (57%). In nine of these patients cultures grew pathogenic bacteria, mainly Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. There was no correlation between the severity of asthma and a positive bacterial culture. There was also no correlation between the duration of the right middle lobe collapse and a positive culture. We conclude that longstanding right middle lobe collapse in asthmatic children is often associated with bacterial infection.Pulmonary segmental or lobar collapse is a common complication of childhood asthma. It has been reported that about 5-10% of all children hospitalised with acute asthmatic attacks had radiographic evidence of lobar collapse, the right middle lobe being involved most frequently. ' 2

Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC) was diagnosed radiologically in an infant with sudden onset of heart failure. The clinical picture, radiological, laboratory and postmortem findings, are described in detail. There was no family history and a metabolic abnormality could not be detected. Calcifications of major arteries and particularly ligaments are pathognomonic radiologic signs of this condition but diagnosis of IIAC during life has been established only rarely. The value of early diagnosis is emphasised.