BackgroundA toxin-antitoxin (TA) system is a set of two or more closely linked genes that are encoded as a poison and a corresponding antidote on a protein. In typical bacterial physiology, an antitoxin binds to a toxin and neutralizes it, which prevents the bacterium from killing itself. We aimed to determine whether P.aeruginosa and Staphylococcus isolates have TA genes and to investigate whether there is a relationship between the expression levels of TA genes and resistance to antibiotics.MethodsThis study included 92 P. aeruginosa and 148 Staphylococcus isolates. RelBE, higBA genes were investigated in P.aeruginosa by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mazEF gene and the all TA genes expression were detected by real time PCR.ResultsRelBE and higBA genes were detected in 100% of P. aeruginosa. It was found that the level of relBE TA gene expression is increased in isolates sensitive to aztreonam compared to resistant isolates (p<0.05). The mazEF gene was detected in 89.1% of Staphylococcus isolates. In terms of MazEF gene expression level there was no significant difference between methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates (p>0.05) whereas there was a significant difference between MSSA and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) isolates, MRSA and CNS isolates (p<0.05). The levels of mazEF gene expression were found to be higher in isolates sensitive to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, clindamycin, phosphomycine, nitrofurantoin, fusidic acid, cefoxitin compared to resistant isolates (p<0.05).ConclusionStudies on the prevalence and functionality of TA systems emphasize that it may be possible to have new sensitive regions in bacteria by activating TA systems. The results of this study lead to the idea that resistance to antibiotics can be reduced by increasing TA gene expression levels. But there is need for further studies to support and develop this issue.
Aim -Our aim in this study is evaluating the red blood cell distrubition width (RDW) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) relation in nondiabetic and diabetic people who applied to our hospital and showing the usability in disease follow-up. Material and Methods -Main data of this research is the data of patients (diabetic and nondiabetic) who applied to internal diseases polyclinic between July 1, 2013 and November 31, 2014 and whose RDW, HbA1C, white blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were controlled. 82 diabetic and 32 nondiabetic patients were included in this study. Results -No statistically significant difference was observed between the diabetic and nondiabetic groups in age, male and female distribution and RDW. No statistically significant correlation was observed between RDW and age and HbA1C in order in the nondiabetic group. While a correlation which is statistically significant and in the same direction was determine between age and RDW among the diabetic group, a statistically significant correlation was not between HbA1C and RDW. Among all cases a correlation which is statistically meaningful and in the same direction was detected between age and RDW. But a statistically significant correlation was not found between HbA1C and RDW among all cases. Conclusion -According to the available results, no statistically significant correlation was determined between HbA1C and RDW in the nondiabetic patients, diabetic group or in total. But in order to provide more clearance, we believe that studies with more patients would be useful.
Bleomycin is a widely used antineoplastic drug which produces dose- and time-dependent interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in humans. The mechanism of bleomycin-induced lung injury is not well understood. However, current data show that bleomycin can generate reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The antioxidant role of vitamin E in biological systems is well known. We investigated the effect of vitamin E on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice biochemically and histologically. Animals were divided into four groups: control, saline + vitamin E (S/Vit E), bleomycin + saline (Bleo/S) and bleomycin + vitamin E (Bleo/Vit E). Bleomycin was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 10 mg/kg in Bleo/S and Bleo/Vit E groups, and vitamin E was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 15 mg/animal in S/Vit E and Bleo/Vit E groups twice weekly for 4 weeks. The control group received saline. As a marker of collagen amount or fibrosis in lung tissue, hydroxyproline and soluble protein content were measured and hydroxyproline/soluble protein ratio per gram wet lung tissue was calculated. For hydroxyproline and protein determinations, and histologic examination of lung tissue, 6 mice from the control and S/Vit E groups and 7 mice from the Bleo/S and Bleo/Vit E groups were killed at at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after administration of bleomycin. The mean hydroxyproline/soluble protein ratio of the Bleo/Vit E group was significantly lower than that of the Bleo/S group and significantly higher than those of the control and S/Vit E groups at 6 and 8 weeks (p < 0.05). Parallel with the biochemical findings, the grade of the histological lesions in the Bleo/Vit E group was lower than that in the Bleo/S group, but higher than those of the S/Vit E and control groups (p < 0.05). These results suggest that a high dose of vitamin E considerably reduces the fibrotic effect of bleomycin on lung tissue in mice.
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