2Prognostic biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review ABSTRACT Over the years, several tumor biomarkers have been suggested to foresee the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Here, we present a systematic review to identify, evaluate and summarize the evidence for OSCC reported markers. Eligible studies were identified through a literature search of MEDLINE/PubMed until January 2016. We included primary articles reporting overall survival, disease-free survival and cause-specific survival as outcomes.Our findings were analysed using REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK), QuickGo tool and SciCurve trends. We found 41 biomarkers, mostly proteins evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The selected studies are of good quality, although, any study referred to a sample size determination. Considering the lack of follow-up studies, the molecules are still potential biomarkers. Further research is required to validate these biomarkers in welldesigned clinical cohort-based studies.

The immune system plays a key role in the protective response against oral cancer; however, the tumor microenvironment (TME) impairs this anti-cancer response by modulating T helper (Th) responses and promoting an anti-inflammatory environment. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th2 effector cells (Teff) are associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the main immunomodulatory mechanisms associated with the enrichment of these subsets in OSCC remain unknown. We characterized Th-like lineages in Tregs and Teff and evaluated immunomodulatory changes induced by the TME in OSCC. Our phenotypic data revealed a higher distribution of tumour-infiltrating CCR8+ and Th2-like Treg in OSCC compared with non-malignant samples, whereas the percentages of Th1 cells were reduced in cancer. We then analyzed the direct effect of the TME by exposing T cell subsets to cancer secretomes and observed the OSCC secretome induced CCR8 expression and reduced cytokine production from both subsets. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the co-culture with OSCC secretome induced several gene changes associated with the vitamin D (VitD) signaling pathway in T cells. In addition, proteomic analysis identified the presence of several proteins associated with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by rapid membrane VitD signaling and a reduced presence of the VitD binding protein. Thus, we analyzed the effect of VitD and PGE2 and observed that VitD promotes a regulatory Th2-like response with CCR8 expression whilst PGE2 also modulated CCR8 but inhibited cytokine production in combination with VitD. Finally, we evaluated the presence of CCR8 ligand in OSCC and observed increased chemokine CCL18, which was also able to upregulate CCR8 in activated Th cells. Overall, our data showed the immunomodulatory changes induced by the TME involving CCR8 expression and regulatory Th2 phenotypes, which are associated with PGE2 mediated VitD signaling pathway and CCL18 expression in OSCC.

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BACKGROUNDRetrospective studies to assess the distribution of oral diseases (ODs) are helpful in estimating the prevalence of oral diagnoses in the population, and thus help in preventive and curative services. Prevalence and frequency data for ODs are available from many countries, but information from Chile is scarce.METHODSThis study investigated the frequency of ODs in a Chilean population. For this, we included all patients treated at the University of Talca (UTALCA, Chile) between 2001 and 2014. Patient characteristics were retrieved from medical files. To contextualize our results, we conducted a systematic review (SystRev) using Publish or Perish software (PoP), Google Scholar and MEDLINE/PubMed.RESULTSOne hundred sixty-six ODs were diagnosed, and the most prevalent groups were soft tissue tumours, epithelial pathology and salivary gland pathology. Individually, irritation fibroma, oral lichen planus (OLP) and mucocele were the most common diagnoses. ODs frequently affected unspecified parts of the mouth (including cheek, vestibule and retromolar area), gum, lips, tongue and palate. In the SystRev, the more studied diagnoses were leukoplakia, OLP and recurrent aphthous stomatitis; prevalent lesions included Fordyce’s spots, recurrent aphthous stomatitis and fissured tongue. Chilean patients and SistRev shared almost all ODs.CONCLUSIONThe results reflect ODs diagnosed in a specialized service of oral pathology and medicine in Chile and will allow the establishment of preventive/curative policies, adequate health services and dentistry curriculum.

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Purpose: To characterize oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOPSCC) patients with dental needs before cancer treatment and to correlate their baseline characteristics with cancer treatment-related toxicities. Methods: A prospective cohort study that recruited OOPSCC patients referred to the Dental Oncology Service at the Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil, for dental treatment between November/2019 and December/2020. Comorbidities, sociodemographic data, medication in use, treatment-related toxicities and altered laboratory tests results were correlated. Results: 110 patients were included. The most common comorbidities reported and altered laboratory results were respectively hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and C-reactive protein, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Toxicities were progressive over time. There was no correlation between the comorbidities and cancer treatment-related toxicities. There was a positive correlation between medications in use and oral mucositis (OM) and a negative correlation between medications and dysgeusia. OM was associated with altered laboratory findings, including thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine (FT4) starting at D15; calcium at D5/10/30; urea at D25/30/33-35; creatinine at D15/30; alkaline phosphatase at D20/25; syphilis at D15/30. Family income and housing were OM predictors. Oral candidiasis (OC) was associated with syphilis and HIV at D20. Conclusion: Laboratory findings including altered T4, FT4, urea, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and syphilis may be useful clinical predictors of OM. Syphilis and HIV may also be considered reliable predictors of OC secondary to OOPSCC treatment. Despite the high frequency of comorbidities and abnormal laboratory results, dental treatment before cancer treatment resulted in no adverse events in our sample.

<p>Los avances tecnológicos de la capa antirreflejos con la incorporación de revestimientos hidrofóbicos, prolongan la vida de la capa y reducen la tendencia a mancharse, mejorando así su adherencia y resistencia antirrayas. Aunque la mayoría de revestimientos antirreflejos, en la actualidad no se diseñan para durar tanto como el lente, sí ofrecen garantías contra algunas molestias visuales. Objetivo: determinar la vida útil de la capa antirreflejo fabricado en Colombia por tres laboratorios. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en tres laboratorios fabricantes de dicho revestimiento, en la ciudad de Bogotá, para esto se sometieron cinco lentes de cada laboratorio de material CR- 39 (carbono de allyl di glicol) a las pruebas de Ebullición de 5% de cloruro de sodio (NaCl) y abrasión, en el laboratorio de Lens Coat®. Resultados: la prueba de Ebullición de 5% de cloruro de sodio y la prueba de abrasión muestran claramente que el laboratorio B, en comparación con los otros laboratorios en prueba, fabrica el revestimiento AR de mayor tiempo de vida útil, siendo de un año y tres meses aproximadamente.</p>

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