A numerical study of voids formation in dualscale fibrous reinforcements is presented. Flow fields in channels (Stokes) and tows (Brinkman) capillary ratio, jump stress coefficient and two formulations (Stokes-Brinkman and Stokes-Darcy) on the filling process, void formation and void characterization. Filling times, fluid front shapes, void size and shape, time and space evolution of the saturation, are influenced by these parameters, but voids location is not.
The use of fossil resources for electricity production is one of the primary reasons for increasing greenhouse emissions and is a non-renewable resource. Therefore, the electricity generation by wind and solar resources have had greater applicability in recent years. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) integrates renewable sources and storage systems, increasing the reliability of generators. For the sizing of HRES, Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods such as Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) stand out. This article presents the sizing of an HRES for the Colombian context, taking into account the energy consumption by three typical demands, four types of wind turbines, three types of solar panels, and a storage system for the system configuration. Two optimization approaches were set-up with both optimization strategies (i.e., GA and PSO). The first one implies the minimization of the Loss Power Supply Probability (LPSP). In contrast, the second one concerns adding the Total Annual Cost (TAC) or the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) to the objective function. Results obtained show that HRES can supply the energy demand, where the PSO method gives configurations that are more adjusted to the considered electricity demands.
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