The Chilean plants Discaria chacaye, Talguenea quinquenervia (Rhamnaceae), Peumus boldus (Monimiaceae), and Cryptocarya alba (Lauraceae) were evaluated against Codling moth: Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae), which is one of the most widespread and destructive primary pests of Prunus (plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, almonds), pear, walnuts, and chestnuts, among other. Four benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (coclaurine, laurolitsine, boldine, and pukateine) were isolated from the above mentioned plant species and evaluated regarding their insecticidal activity against the codling moth and fruit fly. The results showed that these alkaloids possess acute and chronic insecticidal effects. The most relevant effect was observed at 10 µg/mL against D. melanogaster and at 50 µg/mL against C. pomonella, being the alteration of the feeding, deformations, failure in the displacement of the larvae in the feeding medium of D. melanogaster, and mortality visible effects. In addition, the docking results show that these type of alkaloids present a good interaction with octopamine and ecdysone receptor showing a possible action mechanism.
Myrosinase (MYR) can hydrolyze glucosinolates rich in crucifer to produce sulforaphane, which has significant anticancer effect. In this study, MYR activity in broccoli seeds and sprouts of different varieties were firstly compared. Then, after optimization for the microencapsulation condition of MYR, the characteristics of free and encapsulated MYR enzyme were evaluated and compared. Broccoli variety and germination time both significantly affected the specific MYR activity, total protein content and total MYR activity in sprouts. The optimum condition for encapsulating MYR was the sodium alginate addition of 5.29 ml, CaCl 2 concentration of 0.75%, the hardening time of 29.98 min, and the crosslinking time of 47.20 min. Encapsulated MYR with the specific activity of 2.25 U/mg was obtained (54.6% of free MYR). Encapsulated MYR could retain its activity under wider pH range and higher temperature than free MYR. Encapsulated MYR also kept higher activity during storage at room temperature. Supplement of encapsulated MYR was favorable for SF production in broccoli sprouts during storage. This research would be beneficial for producing more sulforaphane from broccoli sprouts as raw materials of functional foods. Practical Applications The function of sulforaphane has been widely accepted. However, products currently on the market contain only its precursor of glucosinolate, which is extremely inefficient in converting to SF in vivo. Encapsulated myrosinase have better temperature and pH tolerance, which can ensure the conversion of Gls to SF before oral intake. It is a good choice to provide encapsulated myrosinase and glucosinolates together to consumer. 1 | INTRODUCTION Myrosinase (EC 3.2.3.1,MYR), also known as β-thioglucoside hydrolase, is a hydrolase that degrades glucosinolates (GLs) in cruciferous plants (Bernardi, Finiguerra, Rossi, & Palmieri, 2003; Martinez-Ballesta & Carvajal, 2015). Under certain conditions, it can decompose GLs to produce glucose, sulfate, isothiocyanates, acetonitrile, thiocyanate and other substances. Sulforaphane (SF), as one kind of isothiocyanates, is the most valuable hydrolyzate and it possesses significant anticancer effect (Atwell et al., 2015; Giacoppo et al., 2015). Epidemiological studies including vitro cell and animal studies demonstrated that SF is the crucial factors for preventing the development of cancer including lung tumor, mammary cancer, breast cancer and bladder cancer, and so forth (Mokhtari et al., 2018). Great attention has been paid on this bioactive compound throughout the world in the past decades.
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