For many years, purchasing and procurement became a major concern for researchers and decision makers worldwide. In Lebanon, the purchasing functions have become recently a major concern for different organisations and industries. So, the purpose of this research is to investigate the different purchasing clusters of Lebanese industrial and engineering organisations and to study their effect on organisational management and performance. Two research questions addressed and two hypotheses tested using 95 Lebanese organisations. Findings supported the two hypotheses and showed statistically a significant relation between the two studied variables. As a conclusion, this research assessed, analysed and presented the importance of purchasing clusters and its positive influence on organisational performance in the Lebanese organisations/industries. The findings will be very useful for decision makers, engineers, researchers and practitioners seeking to improve Empirical classification and effect of procurement process 89 the performance and standing of the purchasing function through the identification of the different characteristics and potential limitations faced at each phase.
The history of the global oil industry is essential to understand the rise of multinational enterprises. Petrobras, in particular, has started to exploit in international markets the world-class technology it developed to exploit deepwater oil fields. PDVSA, on the other hand, has focused its international expansion strategy in building a network of refineries in key consuming markets. This paper examines the cases of Petrobras and PDVSA. The Petrobras experience confirms that the rise of emerging economies is leading to a transformation in global business in which foreign direct investment is driven not only by the exploitation of traditional firm-specific competencies, but also by the exploration of new patterns of organisational innovation. PDVSA's case illustrates that for a developing country multinational, the path towards decision-making autonomy from government is mired with many obstacles; key commercial strategies can be challenged by a government seeking to impose its agenda on the company.
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