The present study evaluated the effects of five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on vegetative development parameters and nutrient uptake of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments involving AMF inoculation (non-inoculated; Dentiscutata heterogama, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus clarus, Acaulospora scrobiculata and A. morrowiae), in sterile soil (Oxisol -Dystrophic Red Latosol) under greenhouse conditions. Persimmon seeds were germinated in sterile sand and the seedlings were transplanted to the sterile soil and received AMF inocula. After 360 days, the following vegetative parameters were analyzed: plant height, number of leaves, leaf surface area, stem diameter, shoot and root dry mass, percentage of root colonization and nutrient accumulation in shoot and root biomass. We observed different responses to the AMF species tested. Seedling height and leaf surface area were promoted by inoculation with D. heterogama and A. morrowiae, and these species also promoted a higher percentage of root colonization. Plants inoculated with D. heterogama and C. etunicatum presented a greater number of leaves, but only D. heterogama promoted significant increases in stem diameter. Shoot dry mass was improved by inoculation with D. heterogama, A. morrowiae and C. etunicatum, while the first two species and R. clarus increased root dry mass. Nutrient accumulation in shoot and root biomass was stimulated by AMF inoculation, especially by D. heterogama and A. morrowiae. Therefore, the effects on early vegetative development were more pronounced in the persimmon seedlings inoculated with D. heterogama.
O uso contínuo de glyphosate no cultivo da soja tem propiciado o aparecimento de plantas daninhas resistentes. Assim, buscam-se alternativas de manejo, como a utilização de produtos com diferentes mecanismos de ação. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação em pós-emergência de herbicidas com diferentes mecanismos de ação no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2016/2017, em Cambé-PR, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os tratamentos glyphosate; glyphosate + haloxifop com sequencial de chlorimuron -ethyl; glyphosate + clethodim com sequencial de cloransulam; testemunha capinada; testemunha infestada. O uso exclusivo de glyphosate não apresentou controle eficiente das plantas daninhas encontradas. As espécies Digitaria insularis (Capim-amargoso), Commelina virginica (Trapoeraba) e Digitaria horizontalis (Capim-colchão) foram eficientemente controladas pelos tratamentos glyphosate + haloxifop com sequencial de chlorimuron-ethyl e glyphosate + clethodim com sequencial de cloransulam. Todavia, as espécies Conyza bonariensis (Buva) e Ipomoea purpurea (Corda-de-viola) foram eficientemente controladas apenas pelo tratamento testemunha capinada. A produtividade da soja foi maior nos tratamentos glyphosate + haloxifop com sequencial de chlorimuron-ethyl e glyphosate + clethodim com sequencial de cloransulam, com média de 4.600 kg ha-1. Os tratamentos glyphosate e testemunha infestada apresentaram a menor massa de mil grãos e o menor rendimento de grãos. A maior receita líquida foi obtida pelos tratamentos glyphosate + haloxifop com sequencial de chlorimuron-ethyl e glyphosate + clethodim com sequencial de cloransulam. Dessa forma, a aplicação de herbicidas com diferentes mecanismos de ação (inibidor da EPSPs, inibidor de ACCase e inibidor de ALS) melhorou o controle das plantas daninhas, o rendimento de grãos da soja e a lucratividade da lavoura em comparação à aplicação isolada de glyphosate e à capina manual.
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