Purpose: To investigate dexamethasone intravitreal implant 0.7 mg (DEX implant) for the treatment of diabetic macular oedema (DME) refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy and evaluate predictive factors. Methods: Two-centre retrospective interventional case series, including 40 eyes of 31 patients treated with DEX implant for at least 2 consecutive cycles. Results: Mean ± SD intervals from implantation to recurrence in the first (4.2 ± 1.0 months) and second cycles (4.0 ± 0.9 months) were not significantly different. Best corrected visual acuity improved significantly (p < 0.001) by 7.0 ± 8.4 letters from baseline to month 2, and by 5.1 ± 6.9 letters between the first and second cycles. Central retinal thickness reduction 2 months after implantation was greater after the first (–194 ± 172 µm) than the second cycle (–134 ± 150 µm). Ellipsoid zone-external limiting membrane (EZ-ELM) disruption score decreased from 1.39 ± 1.16 at baseline to 1.24 ± 1.16 (p = 0.0832) after cycle 1 and remained stable 2 months after cycle 2. Eyes with persisting severe EZ-ELM disruption (score >2, n = 10) 2 months after the first DEX implant showed significantly (p = 0.0153) smaller visual acuity (VA) gains than eyes with less severe (score ≤2) EZ-ELM disruption. Conclusion: Repeated intravitreal DEX injections with average intervals of 4 months are valuable in patients with DME refractory to anti-VEGF therapy. Disorganization of outer retinal layers (EZ-ELM) may predict smaller VA gains if evaluated after initial reduction of macular oedema.

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To analyze the efficacy and outcome predictors of SD-OCT (spectral-domain optical coherence tomography)-driven ranibizumab treatment in patients with choroidal neovascularization due to myopia (mCNV). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This prospective investigator-initiated study includes 20 patients with treatment-naïve mCNV. Evaluation included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), morphological SD-OCT parameters, and treatment frequency. <b><i>Results:</i></b> From baseline to month 12, BCVA improved from 58.5 ± 16.9 to 66.1 ± 14.9 letters. Central retinal thickness (CRT) significantly decreased, and qualitative SD-OCT parameters improved. Better baseline visual acuity (VA), lower spherical equivalent, better inner/outer segment line and external limiting membrane integrity showed a significant positive effect on BCVA outcome. Less fluctuation in CRT (worst minus best CRT) indicated better BCVA at 12 months. No serious adverse events occurred. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> SD-OCT-guided intravitreal ranibizumab treatment in mCNV was efficient and safe. We determined useful predictive factors in regard to VA outcome after 12 months.

A remarkable proportion of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients respond rather poorly to ranibizumab treatment, in spite of the minimum 4-week follow-up and treatment interval. Usually, retreatments are based on nAMD activity as evaluated by Spectral-domain Optical coherence Tomography (SD-OCT), biomicroscopic fundus examination and visual acuity changes. In this prospective pilot study, we aimed to study SD-OCT changes in a high-frequent follow-up manner (weekly (month 0–6), biweekly (month 7–12)) throughout the first year, which consequently led to intravitreal ranibizumab being administered up to biweekly. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was already significantly improved at week 2. Central retinal thickness (CRT), intraretinal and subretinal fluid (SRF) were significantly improved from week 1 onwards. Half of the patients showed nAMD activity at week 2 or 3 and received the first retreatment earlier than 4 weeks after baseline injection. In total, 46% of retreatments were already applied 2 or 3 weeks after the previous treatment. Greater range of CRT and SRF fluctuation during follow-up was associated with lower final BCVA. Lower baseline BCVA and better SRF improvement at week 2 was associated with greater BCVA improvement. In conclusion, high-frequency SD-OCT follow-up provided a good option for adapting treatment in nAMD individually.

Introduction Switching to an alternative anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent has been suggested for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) who have a suboptimal response to initial therapy. However, post hoc analyses of some studies have shown that continuation of initial anti-VEGF therapy is, in many cases, associated with stable visual outcomes or gradual gains. Methods This ARIES (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02581891) post hoc analysis describes outcomes in patients with treatment-naïve nAMD receiving treat-and-extend intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) for 104 weeks, who were identified as meeting criteria for an early hypothetical switch. Patients were categorized retrospectively according to six criteria (presence of central intraretinal and/or subretinal fluid at week 8 or 24, with/without a next planned treatment interval ≤ 8 weeks, and with/without gains in best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] ≤ 5 letters [with absolute BCVA < 70 letters]). Results Hypothetical switch criteria were largely met due to the presence of central subretinal fluid rather than intraretinal fluid. Depending on the criterion, 8–46% of patients were considered to be hypothetical switchers. BCVA outcomes were not worse in the hypothetical switchers, irrespective of criteria. Using criteria of intraretinal/subretinal fluid at week 24 and a next planned treatment interval ≤ 8 weeks, mean changes in BCVA (letters) from baseline in hypothetical switchers and non-switchers were: + 6.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4, 8.8) and + 6.6 (95% CI 4.7, 8.6), respectively, at week 24; + 8.2 (95% CI 5.0, 11.3) and + 7.5 (95% CI 5.3, 9.7), respectively, at week 52; and + 5.7 (95% CI 1.3, 10.1) and + 3.4 (95% CI 0.1, 6.7), respectively, at week 104. Conclusions In newly diagnosed nAMD, there appears little rationale for early switching from IVT-AFL since, with continuous proactive treatment, comparable visual gains can be achieved by patients meeting hypothetical switch criteria compared with those who initially respond well on a treat-and-extend regimen. However, further prospective studies are needed. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02581891. Video Summary Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40123-021-00448-w.