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We report our experience with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) treatment of 1,569 renal units in an outpatient clinic with a small focused piezoelectric lithotriptor. A stone-free rate of 93% was achieved. In 3.6% of the patients, mainly those with a history of surgery and/or anatomical caliceal deformations, fragments smaller than 3 mm. in diameter remained despite multiple ESWL sessions and intensive upside down physiotherapy. Of the cases 3.4%, including those without sufficient data, were considered unsuccessful. We treated 58 renal units in children 14 years old and younger, 55 patients had a single kidney and 7 had a horseshoe kidney.

The main cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) is organic in nature, with vascular etiologies being the most common risk factors. Although there have been sufficient data on the relationship between ED and several well-recognized risk factors, including aging, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and pelvic surgeries, little attention has been paid by the urologists to the role of lifestyle factors in ED. However, accumulating data from basic science and clinical studies have determined a link between the occurrence of ED and a number of lifestyle factors, such as smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity. The application of findings from animal and human studies to the clinical practice regarding the modification of lifestyle factors could help improving ED as well as reducing the risks of developing cardiovascular diseases. This communication addresses the impact of lifestyle factors on erectile function and the potential benefits of modifying these factors to improve ED in respect to the current evidence.

Transurethral resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and follow-up comprising cystoscopy, biopsy, CT imaging and immunocytologic analyses of urine samples.