EREM, CIHANGIR, CENGIZ ARSLAN, ARIF HACIHASANOGLU, ORHAN DEGER, MURAT TOPBAŞ , KUBILAY UKINC, HALIL Ö NDER ERSÖ Z, AND MÜ NIR TELATAR. Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors in a Turkish population (Trabzon City, Turkey). Obes Res. 2004;12:1117-1127. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity (general and central) in the Trabzon Region and its associations with demographic factors (age, sex, marital status, reproductive history in women, and level of education), socioeconomic factors (household income and occupation), family history of selected medical conditions (diabetes, hypertension, and obesity), lifestyle factors (smoking habits, physical activity, and alcohol consumption), and hypertension in the adult population. Research Methods and Procedures:A sample of households was systematically selected from the central province of Trabzon and its five towns, namely, Sü rmene, Vakfıkebir, Maçka, Hayrat, and Tonya. A total of 5016 subjects (2728 women and 2288 men) were included in the study. Individuals more than 20 years old were selected from their family health cards. Demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, family history of selected medical conditions, and lifestyle factors were obtained for all participants. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure levels were measured for all subjects. Study procedures were carried out in the local health centers in each town over an 8-month period. Obesity was defined as BMI Ն 30 kg/m 2 and overweight as BMI ϭ 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m 2 . Results: The prevalence of obesity was 23.5%: 29.4% in women and 16.5% in men. The combined prevalence of both overweight and obesity was 60.3%. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 29.4%: 38.9% among women and 18.1% among men. The prevalence of obesity increased with age, being highest in the 60-to 69-year-old age group (40.8%) but lower again in the 70ϩ age group. Obesity was associated positively with marital status, parity, cessation of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and household income and inversely with level of education, cigarette use, and physical activity. Also, obesity was associated positively with hypertension. Discussion: In the Trabzon Region, 60.3% of the adult population presents with some excess weight. Obesity is a major public health problem that requires generalized interventions to prevent it among the adult population.

The impairment of carbohydrate metabolism due to an abrupt decrease in natural estrogen levels should be considered before removing the ovaries during hysterectomy in premenopausal patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate a possible relation between power performance of the Wingate test (WT) and isometric leg strength (ILS) and explosive leg strength (ELS) characteristics in young men and women with different physical fitness levels. A total of 166 subjects, including 98 young men and 68 young women, were included in the study. The subjects were divided into a regular exercise group and a sedentary group. The physical and body mass index characteristics of the subjects were not different, and they had not taken part in the directed jumping. When the regular exercise and sedentary groups were considered together with men, women, and total population groups, no significant correlation existed between WT anaerobic fatigue index and ILS and ELS (p > 0.05), but significant positive correlations existed among peak power, peak power per weight, mean power, mean power per weight, and WT power, which were recorded in 5-second intervals (p < 0.001). Although the 5-second WT parameters were significantly correlated with ILS and ELS for the first 15-second period, this correlation was more pronounced for the last 15 seconds for all groups (p < 0.01). As a result, this study indicated that regular physical activity has a positive significant relation on WT power, ILS, and ELS in both sedentary men and women and those engaged in regular sports activities.

Effects of mutations in the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR) gene on intraocular pressure (IOP), in response to acute dynamic exercise, were investigated in 19 healthy males (age 22.6 +/- 2.8 years). Intraocular pressures were measured pre- and post-exercise. Weight, height, body mass index, and maximal oxygen (VO2max) uptake were recorded and subjects were genotyped for Arg16Gly, Gln27Glu and Thr164Ile mutations of the beta 2AR gene. Post-exercise, reductions in mean IOP values were found in 16 subjects with the Gly16Gly and Arg16Gly genotypes, but these values remained low in the eight patients with the Gly16Gly genotype 3 h post-exercise, whereas they returned to baseline within 1 h in the eight subjects with the Arg16Gly genotype. beta 2AR stimulation during exercise could be an important regulator of IOP response and determining beta 2AR polymorphisms may improve understanding of pathogenesis and treatment selection in ophthalmic diseases, e.g. glaucoma.

Aims: Studies on testicular oxidative stress, sperm density, motility and morphology of exercise applications in the case of metabolic syndrome is limited. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise applications on sperm parameters and testicular oxidative stress parameters in metabolic syndrome induced rats. Study Design:  Controlled Trial. Place and Duration of Study: Firat University Experimental Research Center, Elazığ/Turkey. Methodology: A total of 24 male Wistar-Albino rats were used in the study. For inducing the metabolic syndrome, 30% fructose solution was prepared fresh every day and administered ad-libitum through the drinking water of the animals. The rats were divided into 4 groups (G1: Control, G2: Metabolic Syndrome, G3: Metabolic Syndrome + Aerobic Ex., G4: Metabolic Syndrome + Anaerobic Ex.). Exercise practices continued 3 days in a week for 6 weeks. Results: Sperm concentrations of G2 and G4 were statistically significantly lower than the control group. The abnormality percentage of G4 was statistically significantly higher than the other groups in terms of head abnormality and total abnormality. MDA level of G2 was statistically significantly higher than the other groups, while GSHpx and catalase levels were low. Conclusion: It can be said that metabolic syndrome may cause oxidative damage in testicular tissue and deterioration in sperm parameters. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise reduces the deterioration in sperm parameters by creating a protective response against oxidative damage.

Objectives The number of studies examining the circulating level change of betatrophin and cartonectin in metabolic syndrome applying different loads of exercise is limited. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how different loads of exercises regulate the betatrophin and cartonectin levels in metabolic syndrome induced rats. Methods A total of 24 Wistar-Albino male rats were used in the study. Rats were divided into four groups as follows; G1: control group (fed with standard diet and tap water), G2: metabolic syndrome group (without exercise application), G3: metabolic syndrome + aerobic exercise group (aerobic exercise applied), G4: metabolic syndrome + anaerobic exercise group (anaerobic exercise applied). Betatrophin and Cartonectin levels were determined by ELISA method in serum samples. Results There was a statistically significant difference in betatrophin levels between the groups and this differentiation was caused by G2 (p <0.05). Cartonectin levels were not significantly different between groups (p> 0.05). Conclusions It can be concluded that anaerobic exercises have more positive effects on glucose balance in metabolic syndrome than aerobic exercises, and by regulating betatrophin levels, anaerobic exercises indicate this effect.

ÖZETVücut hidrasyon durumundaki değişimler sportif performansı etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı vücut hidrasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak kullanılan 2 farklı yöntemin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya, 2008 Türkiye Yıldızlar Süper Liginde mücadele eden, Çorum Güreş Eğitim Merkezinin 13 elit sporcusu (yaş ortalaması 14.7 ± 0.8) katılmıştır.Yarışmaya katılan sporculardan her birinden ayrı ayrı, yarışma öncesi 17 günlük süre içerisinde ilk gün, yarışma öncesi 3. gün, yarışma tartısı günü ve müsabaka öncesi anı içine alan dört farklı zamanda idrar örnekleri toplandı. Toplanan idrar örnekleri ile idrar özgül ağırlığı (Urine spesifik gravite (Usg)) ve renk analizleri yapıldı. Yapılan analizler sonucunda sporcularda yarışma kampı süresinde kronik dehidrasyon bulgusu ortaya çıktı. Ayrıca, dört farklı zamanda alınan numunelerin hepsinde her iki yöntem (Usg ve renk skalası) arasında yüksek derecede korelasyon tespit edildi (P< 0,01). Sonuç olarak, sporcularda vücut hidrasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak, Usg yöntemi ile idrar renk skalası yönteminin saha çalışmalarında birbiri yerine güvenli bir şekilde kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Hidrasyon, İdrar Özgül Ağırlığı, İdrar Rengi THE DETERMINATION OF BODY HYDRATION STATUS OF ATHLETES TO COMPARE TWO DIFFERENT URINE MEASUREMENT METHODS ABSTRACTChanges in body hydration status can affect athletic performance. The purpose of this study is to compare two different methods which is used to determine the level of body hydration. 13 elite wrestlers (age mean 14.7 ± 08), whom struggled in the cadet premier league 2008 Turkey from Corum Wrestling Center participated in study. Urine samples were taken from each of the athletes in 17 days before comepetition, 3 days before competition, weigh in competition and before competition. With the urine samples that collected, urine specific gravity and colour analysis were performed. As a result of analysis, signs of chronic dehydration appeared in athletes during the competition camp. İn addition,all the urine samples which were taken at four different time, high degree of correlation was found between both of methods (Usg and colour scale) (P<0.01). As a conclusion, it can be said that urine specific gravity and the urine color scale methods in field studies can be used safely instead of each other.

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