Quantity and quality of fatty acids (FA) in diet influence CVD risk. Consequently, health authorities promote recommended dietary intakes for FA, looking for optimal intakes in a primary prevention of CVD perspective. In parallel, a few data are available detailing intakes in national populations. The objective of the present study was to perform a large analysis combining the data of the French National Survey INCA 2 on food consumption performed in 2006 and 2007, and the nutritional content of food consumed in France updated in 2013 by the French Information Centre on Food Quality, to explore in details the FA intakes in French adults using the most recent available data. To compare the discrepancies in the observed intake levels with the French recommended levels, a weighted fat adherence score was built combining intakes of the different FA. Individual scores were computed in relation to official recommendations, and potential explanatory factors were identified. These data show that SFA intakes are persistently higher than national recommendations, combined with low intakes of MUFA and PUFA, particularly long-chain n-3 FA. Only 14·6 % of the French population met DHA intake recommendation, 7·8 % for EPA and 21·6 % for SFA. This situation remains unfavourable in terms of primary prevention of CVD. Consuming fish and other sources of n-3 FA, living in the south of France, being female, having a higher education level, and low alcohol consumption were associated with a healthier fat adherence score.

In obese subjects, the loss of fat mass during energy restriction is often accompanied by a loss of muscle mass. The hypothesis that n-3 PUFA, which modulate protein homoeostasis via effects on insulin sensitivity, could contribute to maintain muscle mass during energy restriction was tested in rats fed a high-fat diet (4 weeks) rich in 18 : 1 n-9 (oleic acid, OLE-R), 18 : 3 n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA-R) or n-3 long-chain (LC-R) fatty acid and then energy restricted (8 weeks). A control group (OLE-ad libitum (AL)) was maintained with AL diet throughout the study. Rats were killed 10 min after an i.v. insulin injection. All energy-restricted rats lost weight and fat mass, but only the OLE-R group showed a significant muscle loss. The Gastrocnemius muscle was enriched with ALA in the ALA-R group and with LC-PUFA in the ALA-R and LC-R groups. The proteolytic ubiquitin-proteasome system was differentially affected by energy restriction, with MAFbx and muscle ring finger-1 mRNA levels being decreased in the LC-R group (-30 and -20 %, respectively). RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase and insulin receptor substrate 1 phosphorylation levels increased in the LC-R group (+70 %), together with insulin receptor mRNA (+50 %). The ALA-R group showed the same overall activation pattern as the LC-R group, although to a lesser extent. In conclusion, dietary n-3 PUFA prevent the loss of muscle mass associated with energy restriction, probably by an improvement in the insulin-signalling pathway activation, in relation to enrichment of plasma membranes in n-3 LC-PUFA.

Undernutrition has been identified as a major contributing factor to morbidity and mortality in hospitalized aged patients. The lipid calorie undernutrition may lead to de novo lipogenesis (DNL); among the endogenous fatty acids, 16: 1(n‐9) and 18:1 (n‐7) have been previously associated with a higher risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). The aim was to examine possible associations between the fatty acids in the DNL pathway present in both plasma and erythrocytes of 188 patients aged 84 ± 7 years (48 men and 140 women) entering the geriatric department for evaluation and rehabilitation, and their metabolic disorders. The 18:1(n‐7) content in plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) was significantly higher in men (1.67 vs. 1.58% in women; P < 0.05). An inverse relationship was found between 18:1 (n‐7) and the two precursors of essential fatty acids (EFA), that is linoleic acid [18:2 (n‐6); LA] and alpha‐linolenic acid [18:3 (n‐3); ALA]. Moreover, an inverse relationship was found between 16: 1(n‐9) and LA. Sixty‐four percent of men suffered from dysglycemia versus 46% of women (P < 0.05). These patients were characterized by significantly higher content (+37%) of 16:1(n‐7) which derives mostly from DNL. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was 30–40%, associated with a higher level of 18:0, regardless of sex. Practical applications: Improving nutrition for the elderly patients is a key challenge for rehabilitation. The diet of our oldest old patients was low in total calories and low in fat; it might be partly responsible for the levels of fatty acids from DNL observed. Further study is needed to investigate whether it is possible to reduce both 18:1 (n‐7) and 16: 1(n‐9) levels. We propose to test the improvement of diet for our oldest old patients by increasing fat up to 70 g/d which is the lower limit of the recommended amounts. Simplified summary of the main objective: to examine potential relationships between the fatty acids in the DNL pathway and metabolic disorders (dysglycemia and MetS), factors of the cardiovascular risk in the elderly patients by sex.

-L'Anses a mis à disposition en accès libre en septembre 2014 l'ensemble des données brutes obtenues dans l'étude individuelle nationale sur les consommations alimentaires 2006-2007 (INCA 2). Terres Univia, a fait réaliser une étude statistique détaillée des apports en acides gras de la population française et de la place des matières grasses végétales dans ces apports. Ces apports ont pu être comparés aux apports nutritionnels conseillés (ANC) pour les acides gras définis par l'Anses en mars 2010. L'étude révèle que, pour la population adulte, l'apport total moyen quotidien en lipides est de 38,0 % de l'apport énergétique total sans alcool (AESA), ce qui est conforme aux ANC (35-40 % de l'AESA). Pour autant, l'analyse détaillée montre que l'apport de certains acides gras est parfois éloigné des valeurs recommandées par l'Anses. Il est donc important de savoir choisir ses matières grasses. En septembre 2015, l'Anses a publié son propre rapport sur les apports en acides gras de la population vivant en France et leur comparaison aux ANC 2010. Les résultats de l'Anses sont semblables à ceux de Terres Univia. Mots clés : Apports en acides gras / population adulte vivant en France / recommandations Abstract-New data about dietary intake of fatty acids in the French population. In September 2014, the French agency for food, environmental and occupational health & safety (Anses) allowed free access to all the raw data obtained from its national study on individual food consumption 2006-2007 (INCA 2). Terres Univia wishes to improve knowledge of plant-based fats. To this end, Terres Univia led a detailed statistical study of the French population's intake of fatty acids and of the contribution of plant-based fats to this intake. It was then possible to compare this intake data to the recommended dietary intake (RDI) of fatty acids defined by Anses in 2010. The study reveals that, for the adult population, the total average daily intake of fat is 38.0% of the total energy intake excluding alcohol (EIEA). This figure meets the RDI, i.e. 35-40% of the EIEA. However, detailed analysis reveals that the intake of certain fatty acid (FA) fails to satisfy in some cases the values recommended by Anses. Thus it is important to choose the fat you eat. In September 2015, Anses issued its own report on the fatty acids intakes of the population living in France, and the comparison to the RDI 2010. Their results are similar to those of Terres Univia.

OCL Research Article-Dossier Open Access LIPID CONSUMPTION AND FUNCTIONALITY: NEW PERSPECTIVES Consommations et fonctionnalités des lipides : nouveaux horizons Données récentes sur les apports en acides gras des Français

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-Background: previous studies showed that hospitalized elderly women had low Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake and concomitantly showed biochemical indices of essential fatty acid (EFA) insufficiency. Objectives: the Alpha-Linolenage study aimed to improve health parameters of hospitalized very elderly patients, aged 85 years. The objective of the Part I of the Alpha-linolenage study was to assess blood fatty acid status and parameters of metabolic disorders of these patients at the baseline. Design: from 2009 to 2011, 188 patients entering the geriatric department of Emile Roux Hospitals, Île-de-France region, France, were included. Data on the lipid status were obtained through analysis of fatty acid compositions of plasma cholesterol esters and erythrocyte phospholipids. Results: because of our inclusion criteria, there was a high prevalence of CV disease, affecting 74% of our participants. Patients ingested an average of 1586 kcal per day. Fat accounted for 49.2 g/d. Both LA and ALA intakes were not reached, i.e. on average 5 g/d of LA vs. 8-10 g and 1.2 g/d of ALA vs. 2-2.5 g recommended, respectively. The LA and ALA blood status reflected this situation; their contents were lower than those waited under sufficient EFA diet. Conclusion: in very elderly patients a status of chronic disease may generate CV or mortality risk factors. A low fat intake, with both insufficient LA and ALA intakes might favor the harmful role played by de novo lipogenesis, Indeed, a cornerstone of dietary guidelines, i.e. restriction of fat and saturated fat, may be related to risk of disease. The second part of the alpha-linolenage study will aim to improve markers of the metabolic disorders by providing sufficiently lipids.

-Le 13 e congrès EuroFedLipid organisé par la SISSG (Società Italiana per lo Studio delle Sostanze Grasse-Société italienne pour l'étude des lipides et des corps gras) s'est tenu à Florence (Italie) du 27 au 30 septembre 2015. Comme à son habitude, ce congrès a balayé l'ensemble des domaines de la recherche concernant de près ou de loin les lipides avec pas moins de 11 sessions techniques en parallèle. L'objectif de cet article n'est pas de faire un compte-rendu exhaustif mais plutôt de présenter les avancées remarquables dans les sessions suivantes « Processing and sustainability », « Lipid oxidation and antioxidants », « Olive oil », « Health & Nutrition » et « Bioscience, Biocatalysis, Biochemistry ». À noter que Pierre Villeneuve, chercheur au CIRAD et directeur du laboratoire de biotechnologie microbienne et enzymatique des lipides et des agropolymères de l'UMR IATE de Montpellier, a été élu président de l'association Euro Fed Lipid pour la période 2016-2017.