This is the first review to rigorously examine the mediating role of cognitive factors in the relationship between childhood trauma and subsequent adult psychopathology, and highlight areas for future research. A database search (Child Development & Adolescent Studies, ERIC, Global Health, PsycARTICLES, and PsycINFO) was conducted to identify empirical studies on cognitive factors, explaining the relationship between different types of adverse childhood experiences and adult psychopathology across clinical and nonclinical populations. A narrative synthesis and appraisal of the methodological quality of the studies was conducted. Ninety-eight mediation studies were identified, comprising 4,137 clinical and 28,228 nonclinical participants. Despite great variation in methodological quality of the studies, our narrative synthesis suggests that cognitive factors mediate the relationship between early trauma and later psychopathology. This finding is consistent across different measures of traumatic experiences, psychopathology, and cognitive mediators. Cognitive mediators represent potentially valuable intervention targets for (non)clinical patients who have experienced childhood adversity. Future studies are needed to (a) establish longitudinal causal connections, and (b) assess the effect of interventions that specifically target cognitive change in patients with different levels and types of pathology.
Psychotherapy integration is now common practice around the globe. Despite its popularity, and the many clinical writings on the application of different types of psychotherapy integration, very little is known about exactly how psychotherapists are being trained in psychotherapy integration and whether these trainings are effective. In line with the theme of integration, we aimed to answer these questions from a scientist-practitioner perspective, reporting on our subjective clinical training experiences as well as the current empirical evidence. First, as early career practitioners, we briefly describe how we ourselves were trained in psychotherapy integration and reflect on our training experiences in the Czech Republic, United Kingdom, United States, and Argentina. Then, as scientist-practitioners, we turn to the research literature to examine how psychotherapy integration may be taught effectively. We conducted a systematic literature review of the available empirical evidence on the efficacy of training in psychotherapy integration. We report on the characteristics and findings of the identified 9 empirical studies. This low quality and quantity of studies illustrates the lack of empirically supported trainings in psychotherapy integration. However, together with our personal experiences in different countries, it provides some indication of future directions with regard to how and when psychotherapy integration might best be taught. Suggestions for further examinations into the effectiveness of trainings in psychotherapy integration around the globe are discussed.
Objective: This paper reports on a focus-group discussion of four expert psychotherapy researchers facilitated at an international conference from the Society of Psychotherapy Research. A discussion was facilitated to explore their perspectives on psychotherapy practices of personal growth (intentionally working towards a strengthened sense of autonomy, mastery, and self-acceptance) in different countries (United States, Canada, Argentina, and Chile) and different modalities (psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy). Methods: Following the conference, the audio recording of this discussion was transcribed and analyzed using consensual qualitative research methods. Results. Six domains were identified; definition of personal growth, mental health care systems, psychotherapy practice, psychotherapy research, client and therapist characteristics, and social stigma. Results: Six domains were identified; definition of personal growth, mental health care systems, psychotherapy practice, psychotherapy research, client and therapist characteristics, and social stigma.Conclusion: Future research examining the costeffectiveness and benefits of psychotherapy for personal growth is warranted. Building on the six domains, specific future research projects on the evidence-based practice of psychotherapy for personal growth are suggested. K E Y W O R D S international, personal growth, psychotherapy, qualitative
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