Ultrasonography (US) is well suited to the study of pathologic conditions of the scrotum in children. US provides excellent anatomic detail; when color Doppler and power Doppler imaging are added, testicular perfusion can be assessed. Gray-scale, color Doppler, and power Doppler US were used to study a spectrum of scrotal disorders in 750 boys aged 1 day to 17 years. The entities studied included processus vaginalis-related disorders (cryptorchidism, inguinal-scrotal hernia, and hydrocele); varicocele; acute scrotum (epididymo-orchitis, torsion of the testicular appendages, and testicular torsion); scrotal tumors; testicular microlithiasis; scrotal trauma; and systemic diseases with scrotal involvement. When combined with the results of clinical and physical examination, the information obtained with US is sufficient to enable diagnosis in most cases of scrotal disease. Moreover, color Doppler imaging is essential for differentiation between processes such as epididymo-orchitis or torsion of the testicular appendages and testicular torsion, which have similar clinical manifestations (pain, swelling, and redness) but are managed differently.
Clinical evidence questions the use of surgery for asymptomatic complex ovarian cysts. Histologic analysis suggests gonad maldevelopment as the origin of complex neonatal ovarian cysts.
This pictorial review describes in detail the examination technique used to study the neonatal brain via the mastoid fontanelle and offers a panoramic view of the anatomical structures that can be identified in each US slice. The brain lesions are grouped as congenital malformations, haemorrhage, cerebellar lesions and sinus venous thrombosis. In each section, the additional information obtained through the mastoid fontanelle is provided.
Misleading images seen on US examination of the neonatal brain that could be misinterpreted as pathology are presented, with clues to their differentiation from true lesions.
Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC) is a rare disease of unknown etiology, which causes widespread arterial calcification and usually leads to early death from coronary arterial occlusion. Periarticular calcification has been reported in some cases. Two new cases are reported. In addition to the usual features of the disease, one was found to have ear-lobe calcification and the other an aortic aneurysm and coarctation of the aorta. Therapy with diphosphonate was apparently successful in one patient.
Two cases of mastocytosis with skeletal involvement in children three and six months old are reported. Bone lesions, either sclerotic or lytic, were encountered in their skeletal surveys. Gastrointestinal lesions in children with mastocytosis are exceedingly rare; in addition to skeletal lesions, one of our patients had a large duodenal ulcer. The diagnosis of mastocytosis was established by skin biopsy in both patients. A review of the literature is also presented.
Pancreatic disorders are not rare in children. Modern imaging equipment allows recognition of many pancreatic diseases that were difficult to identify in the past and therefore were considered to be unusual. Within the scope of this article we include information on imaging modalities for studying the pancreas and a description of the radiologic manifestations of the most common congenital, inflammatory, tumoral, traumatic and systemic disorders.
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