Urinary tract infections (UTI), comprising cystitis and pyelonephritis, occur in 6% and 0.6% of acutely ill children presenting to primary care, respectively. 1,2 UTI diagnosis is important, as adequate and timely treatment can alleviate short-term distress of the child, prevent renal scarring 3 and progression to a more serious systemic infection. 4 Diagnosis is challenging, as only a minority of children with UTI present with typical UTI symptoms. In a previous study, we found that changes in urine appearance, such as cloudy urine, malodorous urine and haematuria, are alarming signs for UTI, while only few features (e.g., circumcision, stridor) lower the probability of UTI considerably. 5 Because the clinical presentation is often unclear, primary care physicians need appropriate collection methods for urine testing
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