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This article focuses on collective action and leadership in processes of (in)formalizing market work. It examines ways in which semi-legal actors employ 'modes of administration' and suggests that market leaders enact a form of 'state proxy' by drawing on an ethic of collective action rooted in Andean notions of kinship, work, and exchange. The article argues that we need to explore this ethic to understand the uncertainties of informality at the crossroads between state and local modes of administration. While organizational leaders in studies of informality are often absent, the article demonstrates the importance of understanding the market leaders' ambiguous position at the crossroads between a collectivist grassroots ethics and state authority. It explores why vendors often stay loyal to their leaders, despite widespread accusations of corruption, and explains this in terms of the ethic of collective action that are at work in local organizations among urban migrants.
This article explores the relationship between visualism, practice and knowledge through the specific case of the 2012-2013 coffee rust-epidemic and its repercussions among small-scale coffee farmers in Turrialba, Costa Rica. The article shows how the rust-epidemic marked an alteration not only in farmers and agronomists' perceptions of roya, but also in farming practices. The argument of the article is twofold: First, that the perceptual shift of roya from being 'calm' to becoming 'wild' involved both top-down and bottom-up processes; and, second, that farmers increasingly combine looking and seeing in their daily management practices. We illustrate these dynamic interchanges by drawing on Okely's (2001, Visualism and Landscape: Looking and Seeing in Normandy. Ethnos, 66(1):99-120) approach to visualism, and argue that an emphasis on interchanges and interconnections between knowledges is essential in dealings with ecological alteration.
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