To study the effect of education on the performance in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) domains, we included 2,861 Mexican Americans aged 65 and older from the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) followed from 1993-1994 until 2004-2005. The MMSE was examined as total score (0-30) or divided in two global domains: 1) no-memory (score 0-24): Orientation, attention, and language; and 2) memory (score 0-6): working and delayed memory. Mean age and total MMSE were 72.7 and 24.6 at wave 1, and 81.7 and 20.5 at wave 5. Spanish speaking subjects had lower years of education (4.1 vs. 7.4, p<. 0001), they had significantly higher adjusted (by age, education, and gender) mean scores for memory, no-memory and the total MMSE compared with English speaking subjects across the five waves of follow-up. In multivariate longitudinal analyses over 11 years of follow-up, subjects with more years of education performed better than those less educated, especially in no-memory and the total MMSE. Spanish speaking subjects with 4-6 years of education had higher memory scores than those speaking English (estimate 0.40, standard error [SE] = 0.14, p<.001), [7][8][9][10][11] SE= 0.13, p<.01) or 12+ (estimate 0.44, SE= 0.13, p<.001). This suggests that cultural factors and factors related to preferred language use may determine variations in MMSE performance. Since the memory domain of the MMSE is less affected by education, it may be used along with other cognitive tests in older populations with low education.
ResumenEste artículo presenta los resultados de una aproximación cualitativa de las condiciones percibidas de la ciudad por parte de adultos mayores, en un contexto urbano precario de Bogotá-Colombia. Para esta aproximación se usaron algunos dominios del modelo de Ciudades amigables con la vejez de la Organización Mundial de la Salud entre ellos: la habitación, la habitabilidad, el transporte, el soporte comunitario, las redes sociales, el apoyo, la participación social, la empleabilidad, el respeto y la inclusión social como centrales para evaluar desde la perspectiva de los sujetos hasta una ciudad amigable con la vejez y su percepción de salud. A partir de la aplicación de herramientas cualitativas en un contexto urbano se exploró en estos dominios específicos la interpretación y los recursos que los mayores tienen frente a la experiencia de vivir solo.
Introduction: The differential approach by generation and gender, known inequalities and inequities to identify in older adults help in the evaluation of conditions and the design of interventions, research and teaching.
Objective: Identify the peculiarities and inequalities related to generation and gender in the Colombian population of older adults. Methodology: Observational, descriptive and analytical study that performed a secondary analysis of the population survey SABE-Colombia 2015.
Results and Discussion: Results are presented according to inequality by gender and by generation; of monetary poverty and Mobility, violence and displacement. Economic income Situation during childhood. Access to public services. Familiar surroundings. Healthy conditions.
Conclusion: Disparities are related to representations and practices related to gender and age, less evident in the economic. Actions must be reinforced to improve the living conditions of all and the conceptions and imaginaries that naturalize the differences, and to avoid new disadvantages due to the achievements of aging.
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