Background: Vitamin D has diverse and extensive effects on the immune system, including activating innate immunity and reducing the overactive adaptive immune response. A systematic review was performed to identify and synthesize the best available evidence on the association between vitamin D level and risk of COVID-19, adverse outcomes and possible benefits of supplementation in aged 60 years or over. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed© and Scopus© for all publications from inception published before 15 March 2021. Studies reporting data from aged patients on vitamin D use and COVID-19 were included. Basic science articles, editorials and correspondence were excluded. Publication year, study design and setting, characteristics of the study population were extracted. This study is registered with PROSPERO, under the number CRD42020223993. Results: In total, 707 studies were identified, of which 11 observational studies were included in the final review. Four studies compared vitamin D-supplemented COVID-19 patients to non-supplemented patients, and seven compared patients with vitamin D deficiency to patients without deficiency. In all four studies, patients with vitamin D supplementation had better rates of primary clinical outcomes (death, the severity of the disease, oxygen therapy requirement…). In studies comparing patients with vitamin D deficiency and patients without vitamin D deficiency, those without vitamin D deficiency had better primary clinical outcomes (death rate, the severity of the disease, oxygen therapy requirement, invasive mechanical ventilation need…). Conclusion: This systematic review seems to support an association between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of COVID-19 in aged people. In addition, vitamin D deficiency appears to expose these subjects to a greater risk of adverse outcomes. Because of its simplicity of administration, and the rarity of side effects, including vitamin D in preventive strategies for certain viral diseases, it appears to be an attractive option.

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The WHO defined three clinical forms for chikungunya virus infection (CHIKV, namely, acute, atypical, and severe cases) and a chronic form. These definitions seemed inappropriate for the elderly. So, we propose an adapted definition for elderly people. A cross-sectional analysis was performed including patients aged ≥ 65 years, who attended the emergency department with a positive biological diagnosis of CHIKV in 2014. A total of 267 elderly patients (80 ± 8 years) were included. When using the 2015 WHO definitions, 114 patients could not be classified (42.7%) in any of the category, of whom 43 (37.7%) reported absence of fever, 85 (74.6%) reported absence of joint pain, and 14 (12.3%) reported absence of both fever and joint pain. After adaptation of the WHO definitions, the 114 unclassifiable patients were reclassified as follows: eight as typical cases, 50 as atypical cases, 42 as severe cases, and 14 remained unclassifiable. The atypical clinical form was the most common form. The 2015 WHO definitions of the clinical forms at the acute phase of CHIKV are ill suited to the elderly. The adapted definition we propose here appears to be more appropriate and could help improved management of older patients with CHIKV.

Background medication safety is a major public health challenge, particularly among older populations. Changing the medication’s form may be inappropriate and may incur a risk of adverse effects. Objectives the objectives were to estimate the prevalence of medication modification and to identify factors associated with the practice of medication modification in community-dwelling older individuals. Design observational, cross-sectional, single-centre and epidemiological study. Settings community. Subjects outpatients and/or their accompanying persons, aged 65 years or over. Methods sociodemographic and clinical variables were recorded. It was also noted how the medication was taken, who administered the medications, the number of oral medications ingested per day, and whether or not the form of the medication was modified to facilitate administration. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression were performed. Results a total of 252 individuals were included in the study, with a mean age of 83 ± 7 years. Of these, 44 (17.5%) reported modifying their medication, either routinely (n = 36) or occasionally (n = 8). The factors independently associated with medication modification were the existence of psycho-behavioural disorders [odds ratio (OR) = 3.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.84–7.76; P < 0.0001], mobility difficulties (OR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.01–4.62; P = 0.04), and the presence of dysphagia (OR = 3.23; 95% CI = 1.49–6.99; P < 0.0001). Conclusions this study indicates that main caregivers are more likely to engage in medication modification than nurses or the patients themselves. Factors associated with medication modification include swallowing difficulties and psycho-behavioural disorders. These findings provide new avenues that could help to mitigate this practice.