A low carbon society aims at fighting global warming by stimulating synergic efforts from governments, industry and scientific communities. Decision support systems should be adopted to provide policy makers with possible scenarios, options for prompt countermeasures in case of side effects on environment, economy and society due to low carbon society policies, and also options for information management. A necessary precondition to fulfill this agenda is to face the complexity of this multi-disciplinary domain and to reach a common understanding on it as a formal specification. Ontologies are widely accepted means to share knowledge. Together with semantic rules, they enable advanced semantic services to manage knowledge in a smarter way. Here we address the European Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) and we present a knowledge base consisting of the EREON ontology and a catalogue of rules. Then we describe two innovative semantic services to manage ETS data and information on ETS scenarios. Accepted Author Manuscript 2 and different countries. Managing such complexity requires tackling several issues. Among them, we cite those covered in this work:1. need for an integrated environmental modeling (IEM) approach. LCS concerns multi-disciplinary and inter-dependent knowledge. IEM is considered as one of the most promising approaches to define break-through solutions leveraging on such knowledge [Laniak et al., 2013] [Argent, 2004. 2. sharing common understanding. A complete scenario (made by the mix-up of energetic, industrial, technological, political and environmental aspects) should be framed into a shareable "scientific" formulation. The importance of involving a multidisciplinary community of people [Laniak et al., 2013] [Krueger et al., 2012 is a precondition to reach such understanding. 3. structural and behavioural knowledge modelling. The LCS domain concerns both the structural aspects of entities (e.g., the energy price) and others related to how entities behave or should behave (e.g., the allocated CO2 emissions of the ACME company are 3710 4 tCO2). A modelling approach covering both aspects is required. 4. managing large governmental datasets. LCS data are needed for LCS analysis and definition of scenarios. Although their availability from governments might be an issue [Zicari, 2013] due to the lack of competitive pressure for making data open, one problem is to assess their quality and veracity since such data are usually manually collected by error-prone processes. Further relevant problems related to data management concern data integration and data privacy. 5. need to develop multi-domain scenarios. In order to use "federated" scenarios, all the problem's components should be made interoperable and fed into a common scheme. The present work proposes a semantics-based approach to address these issues. Indeed, semantic technologies based on ontologies help to better organize data [Poggi et al., 2008] [Reichman et al., 2011] and enable development of intelligent services for data management (e.g., to...
The main objective of this paper is to identify the renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) policy and regulatory risks and barriers in the Palestinian Territories (PT). An accurate insight into the market structure and normative frameworks for RE and EE investments in the PT is performed. For this purpose, a survey has been conducted through two questionnaires and interviews addressed to public decision-makers and local and foreign sectoral companies to study the market confidence in the field of renewable energy sources (RES) and EE. The questionnaire was designed to investigate the attractiveness of RE and EE in the country by directly involving the various market players and to identify what could encourage or hinder investment. RE and EE are, in fact, a valid response to the needs of the PT to guarantee independence and security of supply, ensure access to energy throughout the territory, and reduce emissions. The climate-related issues are listed in the Palestinian political agenda. National subsidies and grants are offered for investment in RES and EE but are still the main barriers. Developments towards further utilization of RES are in progress continually. Marketing campaigns are stimulating the production of RE and EE promotion. RES and EE laws and regulations are continually issued.
The energy sector is vital to efforts to combat climate change as well as achieve economic development. The economy of many Middle East and North African (MENA) countries, such as Algeria, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, is completely based on hydrocarbons which represent the main source of the state revenue. Investing in renewable energy and efficiency is a winner strategy, allowing both to ensure the necessary availability of energy to cover the country’s domestic energy demand and to make more resources available for export to guarantee the state earnings. Renewable sources can be a solution for a transition to a more sustainable economy and a response to the economic stability of these countries affected by the volatility of oil prices. Such a strategy is reflected in improving the attractiveness of foreign investment in the renewable energy sector. Focusing on Algeria, in this article, we analyze the link between the Algerian economy and energy, underlining the current weakness. This work is partially based on the research financed by the meetMED project (WP 3.1) on barriers for domestic and international investors in the energy sector of Algeria.
Fight against global warming is a tough challenge requiring synergic efforts from governments, industry and scientific communities. Facing these challenges by means of sectorial or local approaches is a loosing strategy. A holistic approach is required to provide more flexibility and prompt responses to unpredicted side effects on environment, economy and society due to low carbon society policies. Furthermore coping with such complexity requires the adoption of decision support systems providing policy makers with possible scenarios and countermeasures. Precondition to them is to reach a common understanding on such domains as a formal specification. Ontologies are considered widely accepted means to share knowledge. They enable advanced semantic services to manage knowledge in a more effective and smart way. In this paper we address the European Emissions Trading System and we present the EREON ontology to represent knowledge on such domain. In particular we focus on contextual knowledge modeled as concepts and rules. Finally, we present the data acquisition and the data analysis services as applications of such ontology.
The chapter provides an overview of the public climate finance implemented under the UNFCCC by the EU as a whole and its Member States—in the chapter called EUplus—later taken over by SDG 13.a, for the period 2011–2018 (the latest year available). Through the analysis of the UNFCCC Biennial Reports, it is possible not only to highlight the amount allocated to the challenge against climate change, but also to break it down into its two meanings: mitigation and adaptation, as well as to identify the type of channel through which this support has been implemented. In this context, particular attention will be given to the two contribution channels: bilateral and multilateral, highlighting the type of support in different cases. The chapter shows an increase in contributions, especially since 2015, and how support has been increasingly shifted toward adaptation. This could mean that there is an awareness in a delay in achieving the stabilization of GHG emissions in the atmosphere.
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