The new technique will be used extensively in the development of alloys for nuclear reactors and gas turbines as well as for many other purposes. The program will be carried forward in cooperation with Battelle.

Calresearch in 1935. His early work was concerned with greases and industrial lubricants. Recently, he served as a technical specialist on the staff of Calresearch's vice-president for petroleum products. He currently is conducting a basic study of the mechanism of the chemical reactions occurring at fuel cell electrodes.Stanley M. Norwood, noted metallurgist and vice-president of Union Carbide Metals Co., Div. of Union Carbide Corp., New York City, was honored on August 31 with a testimonial dinner on the occasion of his retirement. He was presented with a stainless steel tray bearing the inscription: "To Stanley M. Norwood, from his many friends at Union Carbide on the occasion of his retirement after 43 years of meritorious service."During the early part of his career with Union Carbide, Mr. Norwood was a pioneer in the development, production, and fabrication of stainless and alloy steels. He worked closely with the stainless steel producers in the development of the various grades of stainless in the form of seamless tubes, sheets, bars, and wire. In addition, he cooperated closely with fabricators of various equipment such as tanks and piping used in the chemical industry and by dairies, and on other now prominent applications of this steel. These efforts contributed greatly to the present acceptance and wide use of stainless steel in industry.Mr. Norwood will continue to be associated with Union Carbide Metals Co. on a consulting basis. DavidR. Rhodes has completed work toward the Ph.D. degree at the University of Illinois and has joined the Petroleum Products group, Richmond Lab., California Research Corp., as a research chemist.

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A general method has been found for the electrodeposition of coherent, dense deposits of refractory metals by electrolysis of molten salts. By dissolving the refractory metal fluoride in mixtures of alkali metal fluorides, one may deposit coherent thick coatings of chromium, hafnium, molybdenum, nio-bium, tantalum, tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium. Not only do the deposits in all cases have the theoretical density, but in most cases are extremely pure and equal to or better in mechanical properties than electron beam melted material available commercially. While differences exist from metal to metal in the details of the compositions of the electrolyte and the valence state of the refractory metal, the general process can be described in terms of one of the first metals studied, niobium. Niobium metal is eleetrodeposited from a solution about I0 w/o NbFs in a mixture of alkali fluorides at a temperature of about 775~ and a current density of about 50 ma/cm 2 with commercially pure niobium as anode material. Anode and cathode efHciencies are close to 100% and deposits with hardness of 85-100 DPH are obtained regularly. Deposits with densities of 99.8% of theoretical and higher are obtained and the throwing power of the bath is better than that usually associated with commercial nickel plating. There is no major restriction on substrates, since steel, stainless steel, graphite, copper, Hastelloy alloys, and others have been used. Thicknesses up to I/4 in. have been electrodeposited with a surprisingly smooth surface. The microstructures of the deposits are the typical columnar grain structure usually observed in electrodeposits without addition agents and their soundness has been confirmed by mechanical testing. Also, successful electro-refining has been accomplished.

CURRENT AFFAIRS 137Caction kinetics, diffusion, and analytical research, including radioactive chemical procedures.LUKE THORINGTON, previously with the Westinghouse Electric Corp. in Bloomfield, is now affiliated with the Engineering Div. of the Duro-Test Corp., North Bergen, N. J.

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