[1] Gridded hybrid turbulent heat flux fields were created by applying the state-of-the-art Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) version 3.0 bulk algorithm to state variables (sea surface temperature, winds relative to currents, air temperature, and air specific humidity) derived from either numerical weather prediction The selected sources were as follows: QuikSCAT for winds relative to currents, ERA40 for air temperature and specific humidity, and TRMM Microwave Imager fusion product for sea surface temperature. Errors in latent and sensible heat fluxes to state variables were analyzed. Specific humidity errors contributed the most to errors in latent heat flux (LHF). Overall, the hybrid LHF product had a bias of À5.8 W m À2 and a standard deviation of difference of 16.2 W m À2 , which is comparable to the accuracy of LHF derived from TAO measurements.Citation: Jiang, C., M. F. Cronin, K. A. Kelly, and L. Thompson (2005), Evaluation of a hybrid satellite-and NWP-based turbulent heat flux product using Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) buoys,

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Surface water partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) variations in Drake Passage are examined using decade-long underway shipboard measurements. North of the Polar Front (PF), the observed pCO 2 shows a seasonal cycle that peaks annually in August and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)-forced variations are significant. Just south of the PF, pCO 2 shows a small seasonal cycle that peaks annually in February, reflecting the opposing effects of changes in SST and DIC in the surface waters. At the PF, the wintertime pCO 2 is nearly in equilibrium with the atmosphere, leading to a small sea-to-air CO 2 flux.These observations are used to evaluate eight available Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP5), Earth system models (ESMs). Six ESMs reproduce the observed annual-mean pCO 2 values averaged over the Drake Passage region. However, the model amplitude of the pCO 2 seasonal cycle exceeds the observed amplitude of the pCO 2 seasonal cycle because of the model biases in SST and surface DIC. North of the PF, deep winter mixed layers play a larger role in pCO 2 variations in the models than they do in observations. Four ESMs show elevated wintertime pCO 2 near the PF, causing a significant sea-to-air CO 2 flux. Wintertime winds in these models are generally stronger than the satellite-derived winds. This not only magnifies the sea-to-air CO 2 flux but also upwells DIC-rich water to the surface and drives strong equatorward Ekman currents. These strong model currents likely advect the upwelled DIC farther equatorward, as strong stratification in the models precludes subduction below the mixed layer.