MASTThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government, Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied. or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product. o r process disclosed. or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference 8-58-5 8-6A-iii c.5Diagram of the biokinetic model for systemic tungsten used in G-7Stages in carcinogenesis as described by Kouri, Henry, G-41Graphical comparisons of potencies completed in LIST OF TABLES 4-10Comparison 5-6Tungsten and uranium content of body organs (g) assuming chronic intake G-31Common scales of toxicological potency for 67 compounds based on RPs to five reference compounds from Table G G-36Fitted values for a log-normal frequency distribution function comparing potency-adjusted 'IDs and maximum doses tested G-43Toxicological test data for sodium chromate (VI) [RTECS #GB2955OOO] . . . . . . . . G-44Summary of the potency of four tungsten compounds and sodium chromate relative to B(a)P, cyclophosphomide, nicotine, aflatoxin B,, and cisplatin all converted to a common scale indexed by unit potency for B(a)P; cyclophosphomide, nicotine, aflatoxin, and cisplatin were standardized according to potencies listed at the bottom of the G-46xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis document summarizes the results from the first phase (Phase I) of a proposed three-year effort to evaluate the environmental acceptability of tungsten (W) as an alternative to depleted uranium (DU) in kinetic energy penetrators (KEPs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of tungsten in a military context in response to military and congressional concerns regarding exposures to DU. The primary purposes of this Phase I study were to review the literature for existing data; to formulate a test methodology that will provide a useful life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of tungsten; and to identify where the data gaps exist. In this initial effort, the environmental pathways by which tungsten chemical species (from penetrator impact fragments and aerosols), deposited on the soil, might find their way into humans were identified. In addition, a new computer-based modeling tool was developed which enables predictions of the ways tungsten is retained and distributed in the body. The toxic effects which might be produced were addressed. This approach can be applicable to other materials and, in fact, provides a useful tool for comparing the relative environmental impacts expected from numerous, alternative materials.An extensive review of the literature reveals that little quantitative information and data are available to permit reliable simulations of tungsten toxicity in humans. In particular, the relative corrosion kinetics of each metal, the relative solubilities in corrosive media, and the relative rate of diffus...

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The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has prepared this Environmental Assessment (EA) to evduate environmental issues associated with the renewal of licenses issued by NRC for facilities operated by Nuclear Metals, Inc. (NMI) in Concord, Massachusetts. By renewing the licenses, NRC proposes to allow the continuation of ongoing operations involving radioactive materials at NMI's facilities. This EA focuses on the potential impacts related to air emissions at NMI during normal (incident-free) operations and accidental releases. Findings indicate that there are only two areas of potential concern. First, modeling results for sulfur dioxide (SO,) emissions from the boilers during normal operations indicate that the potential exists for exceeding the short-term National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). NMI is prepared to undertake mitigative action to prevent potential exceedances of the short-term SO, NAAQS, and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection is prepared to resolve the issue via a permit/approval change or through a Consent Order. Second, in the unlikely event of a severe fire, predicted sulfuric acid (H,S04) concentrations based on conservative (upper bound) modeling exceed the Emergency Response Planning Guideline (EWG) levels. NMI has committed to NRC to give a briefing for local emergency response officials regarding the potential for an accidental H2S04 release.iii NU REGICR-6528

The plume delineation study was guided by performing selected analyses in the field: alkalinity, sulfate (SO,%), chloride (Cl), and ammonium as nitrogen (NJ&-N) using the aforementioned procedures/methods. Additionally, unfiltered nitric-preserved (HNO;) samples were submitted to the DOE's Grand Junction Office (GJO)Analytical Services Laboratory for total uranium analysis. 2.1.2 Field Methods for Pile Drilling and Reference Well .lnsta!Jation The tailings pile borehole drilling and reference well installations were performed by Layne-Christensen under contract to ORNL/GJ. Drilling was performed using a dual-wall reverse-circulation (DWRC) percussion-hammer rig (Foremost Drills AP-1000) equipped with a wire-line split-spoon for undisturbed sample collection at designated intervals. The DWRC drilling method permits continuous drill-cuttings analysis. The cuttings are returned to the surface (with minimal lag time) by compressed air where they drop out of a cyclone without any screening. Thus, lithologic changes not captured in split-spoon sample intervals can be readily identified in the cuttings. The reference monitoring well installation with the DWRC rig was accomplished by setting the 2-m well screen and casing through the inner 5.5411 diameter drill pipe to the bottom of the boring drilled to 80 ft. A prepacked well screen (10 fi) was used to facilitate the installation and we!!. development process. Annular material (sand pack [2-16 grade], bentonite seal, and bentonite grout) were added as the drill pipe was removed from the bore hole. The reference well was then flush-mounted-with the ground surface and completed in an 8-m. diameter traBc-rated vault. The wellhead is also secured with a locking cap equipped with a combination lock.