RESUMENDesde mediados de los años noventa se ha producido en España una expansión extraordinaria del aprovechamiento de la energía eólica para la generación de electricidad. La disponibilidad de zonas con potencial eólico estimable junto con las políticas de apoyo a las energías renovables, sobre todo a la eólica, han contribuido a un enorme desarrollo industrial y tecnológico de este sector. España es líder mundial, tanto en potencia instalada, donde ocupa el tercer puesto detrás de Alemania y Estados Unidos, como en número y volumen de empresas que participan en los distintos ámbitos de la energía eólica. En este artículo se analizan las características del sector eólico español.Palabras clave: viento, aerogenerador, energía eólica, electricidad, impacto ambiental. ABSTRACTFrom the mid-1990s Spain has seen an extraordinary growth in the exploitation of wind energy for generating of electric power. Both, the existence of areas which are potential sources of this type of energy and the development of policies supporting renewable forms of energy, maily wind one, are the main factors that have promoted the industrial and technological development of this sector. Spain is the third country, just behind Germany and the USA, as regards installed power and it is among the leading countries in the world regarding the number of companies connected to the sector. In this article I will analyse the main characteristics of the production of wind energy in Spain.
Since the middle of the 20th century, irrigation in the southeast of Spain has displayed significant productive growth based on the intensive use of the scarce water resources in the area and the contribution of river flows from the hydrographic basin of the Tagus River to the hydrographic basin of the Segura River. Despite high levels of efficiency in the water use from the new irrigation systems, the water deficit has only intensified in recent years. The most dynamically irrigated areas (Campo de Cartagena, Valle del Guadalentín, Vega Alta del Segura and the southern coast of the Region of Murcia), were faced with a complex and trying future, resulting in numerous companies (agribusinesses) relocating to lease and acquire land in the northwest of Murcia to develop their intensive crops. The general objective of this article lies in the analysis of widespread landscape dynamics, and of agricultural dynamics in particular, in the rural environment of the northwest Region of Murcia (Spain). For this, an exhaustive analysis of the land cover and use transformations is carried out for the periods of time 1990–2000–2012–2018. The data studied come from the Corine Land Cover (CLC) project, carried out by the European Environment Agency (EEA). These spatial data are treated with geographical information systems (GISs) and represented by statistical and cartographic analyses and cross-tabulation matrices that indicate the dynamics of changes, loss and land gain. As the main result, we find that the areas occupied by new intensive irrigation on old rainfed farmland in the northwest Region of Murcia have increased in the last 30 years. Traditional irrigation is disappearing, and the environmental consequences (overexploitation of aquifers and decreased flows from natural sources), among others, are dire.
* Hidráulica, eólica, solar fotovoltaica, solar térmica y otras renovables y el 50% de los residuos sólidos urbanos. ** Nuclear, carbón, fuel/gas, ciclo combinado, cogeneración y residuos. Fuente: Red Eléctrica de España. El Sistema Eléctrico Español. 2018. * Incluye las centrales con una potencia instalada de hasta 10 MW. Fuente: Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia.
RESUMENLa evolución de la energía hidroeléctrica en España en las últimas décadas ha sido siempre creciente, aunque la participación de ésta en el total de eléctrica producida ha ido disminuyendo. Las modernas tecnologías de regulación y control han aumentado la eficiencia de las centrales y del aprovechamiento del recurso agua.Palabras clave: agua, energía, hidroelectricidad, España. ABSTRACTThe evolution of the hydroelectric power in Spain during the last decades has always been increasing, though its proportion with respect to the total of produced electricity has been diminishing. The modern technologies of regulation and control have increased the efficiency of the hydroelectric industries and of the utilization of the water resources.
La energía eólica en la producción de electricidad en España 1Cayetano Espejo Marín 2 y Ramón García Marín 3 RESUMENEspaña es uno de los países del planeta que más ha apostado por las energías renovables para la producción de electricidad durante la primera década del siglo XXI. La energía eólica ha sido la que más se ha desarrollado, por la presencia de vientos que hacen viable su explotación, por las políticas de fomento de todas las administraciones, y por la existencia de un sector industrial español muy innovador y competitivo, cuya actividad tiene un carácter global.Palabras clave: Energía eólica, política energética, industria innovadora. ABSTRACTOver the first decade of the 21st century, the Spanish governments have outstandingly pledged their commitment to the development of renewable energies. Wind energy has actually enjoyed the leading development in this respect, in connection with the presence of regular winds that make its exploitation feasible. Additional factors contributing to its production are: the application of policies encouraging them and the existence of an innovative and competitive industrial sector, with global-ranging activities.
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