Saliva plays an important role in oral health. Besides being involved in protection against bacteria and fungi, it transports nutrients and digestive enzymes, lubricates the mucosa, facilitates mastication, swallowing and speech, and acts in the process of tooth remineralization. 1,2 Saliva is produced by salivary glands, which are exocrine, such as the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. These are the most important pairs of glands and are responsible for 95% of saliva production. 3 In addition, there are other smaller-sized glands throughout the oral cavity, lips and tongue, which help in the process of salivation. These structures produce saliva at certain moments and respond to a series of sensory, taste and olfactory stimuli.The volume of saliva production may vary according to stimulation. The salivary flow is greater after meals and lower during sleep. In healthy individuals, there is, on average, 1000 ml to 1500 ml of saliva secretion in a day. 3 However, there are several consequences of decreased salivary flow. These include some diseases and problems such as cavities, periodontal disease, various infections, dysphagia, halitosis and difficulties with the stability of dental prostheses. 4 Dry mouth syndrome or xerostomia is defined as decreased salivary flow or hypofunction of the salivary glands. 5 Its origins are multicausal and might be the result of a change in the salivary glands or a systemic imbalance. [5][6][7] Some determinants such as continuous use of medication, radiation, systemic diseases and factors common to aging might be associated with a dry mouth condition. 8 Xerostomia is not considered to be a disease but, rather, a manifestation of a series of pathological conditions that considerably alter patients' quality of life. It can affect chewing, swallowing, use of prostheses and speech. 9 Villa et al. reported that xerostomia that is secondary to hyposalivation may also result in fungal infections such as candidiasis, tooth decay, halitosis, changes to the sense
The aim this study was to evaluate the association between the use of dental services and the sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions of oral health of pregnant women living in a municipality of southern Brazil. The instrument used in this cross-sectional study was a questionnaire composed of questions about sociodemographic characteristics, perceptions of oral health and access to dental services, administered to 102 pregnant women during prenatal care. Descriptive analyses of the variables were performed, along with multivariate analyses for the estimation in a logistic regression model. The mean age of the women was 29±6.2 years. The area of residence, first pregnancy, and the perception that pregnancy impairs oral health and causes weakening of teeth remained significant predictors of dental consultation. The chances of not having had a dental appointment were significantly higher for pregnant women who lived in the countryside, by more than three times; those who believed that pregnancy damages teeth, more than five times; and those teeth were weakened during this period, more than eight times. Furthermore, not being the first pregnancy was a protective factor for not having dental appointment. Women who are pregnant for the first time, living in rural areas and with misperceptions about dental conditions during pregnancy, did not consult during pregnancy.
Fols~iure ist ftir die norrnale Zellteilung, also z.B: Erythropoese und Epithelwachstum im erwachsenen Organismus, aber auch far die Differenzierungs-und Wachsmmsprozesse im Embryo und Fetus von essentieller Bedeutung. W~ihrend in der Schwangerschaft der Energiebedarf um 13% ansteigt, betr~igt der Mehrbedarf an diesem wasser16slichen Vitamin 100%. Als Folge einer Mangelversorgung werden in der Geburtshilfe zahlreiche Symptome diskutiert (Sterilit~it, Aborte, Abruptio placentae, Frtihgebtmlichkeit etc).In der vorliegenden Longitudinalstudie sollte einerseits eine an biochemischen und morphologischen Ver~inderungen orientierte Bewertung des Folatversorgungszustandes entlang der Schwangerschaft erstellt werden. Augerdem sollte der Folatstatus in Korrelafion zu Dauer und Verlauf sowie zu eventuellen Komplikationen der Schwangerschaft in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Schlieglich sollten Risikogruppen fiir eine Unterversorgung ermittelt werden und damit die Frage einer Substitutionsnotwendigkeit diskutiert werden.Bei 150 Schwangeren wurde dreimal in der Schwangerschaft, postpartal sowie aus der Nabelschnur und beim Neugeborenen Blutproben entnommen. Neben der laborm~igigen Aufarbeitung und radiochemischen Bestimmung der Fols~iure im Plasma und in den ErythrozsCen, der Ermittlung der Segmentationsrate und des Segmentationsindex der neutrophilen Granulozyten wurde der klinische Verlauf dokumentiert. Das Gesamtkollektiv wurde zun~chst in zwei Gruppen unterteilt: Schwangere, die w~hrend der Schwangerschaft Fols~iurepr~iparate erhielten, wurden den Frauen gegentibergestellt, die nicht mit Folat substituiert wurden. Sodann wurde eine Unterteilung der Probandinnen entsprechend ihrer sozialen Zugeh6rigkeit vorgenommen. Schliel31ich wurden klinische Untergruppen (Aborte, Mehrlinge) erstellt, bei denen eine marginale Folatversorgung aufgrund der Angaben in der Literatt~ zu erwarten waren.Wfihrend des Betrachtungszeitraumes traten in den beiden Hauptgruppen signifikante Unterschiede sowoht beim Serum-als auch beim Erythrozytenfolat auf: Ohne Substitution sanken die Parameter mit zunehmender Gravidit~it als Folge einer negativen Folatbilanz und der Entleerung der Speicher, w~ihrend in der substituierten Gruppe ein kontinuierliches Ansteigen zu verzeichnen war. Die jeweitigen Unterschiede
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