ConclusionHealth professional resilience is multifaceted, combining discrete personal traits alongside personal, social, and workplace features. A measure for health professional resilience should be developed and validated that may be used in future quantitative research to measure the effect of an intervention to promote it.

BackgroundThe modern primary healthcare workforce needs to be resilient. Early research framed professional resilience as avoiding 'burnout'; however, more recent literature has introduced the concept of positive adaptation to professional challenges, which results in individuals thriving in their role.

Addressing negative attitudes could encourage more pharmacists to provide services and enhance the process of service delivery.

The results demonstrate that pharmacist services have varying effects on patient outcomes compared with usual care. We found no studies comparing services delivered by pharmacists with other healthcare professionals that evaluated the impact of the intervention on the six main outcome measures. The results need to be interpreted cautiously because there was major heterogeneity in study populations, types of interventions delivered and reported outcomes.There was considerable heterogeneity within many of the meta-analyses, as well as considerable variation in the risks of bias.

More commitment to harm reduction was evident through improved attitudes and increased services. Service delivery has increased more for dispensing services than for needle exchange. Strategies for delivering future needle exchange and substitute dispensing services are required if demand approaches capacity.

It has long been known that fishing is one of the most dangerous occupations. In the year 2001, 33 boats were lost and 10 fishermen killed in UK waters. Despite the dangerous nature of the occupation, very little research has been conducted on fishermen's health and safety. The few studies that have been conducted are spread widely around the globe, and tend to focus on mortality rates and accidents. Few studies considered fishermen's lifestyle behaviours. To address this gap in current knowledge research was conducted to gain an understanding of health and lifestyle issues affecting Scottish fishermen. Data was collected using a postal questionnaire survey in the Scottish fishing population and health diaries in a small subsample. High rates of smoking were prevalent and passive smoking was a considerable problem. Fewer fishermen drank alcohol compared to the general population, but fishermen lacked knowledge about what safe levels of alcohol consumption were. Diet was lacking in fruit and vegetables, and meals were eaten at very erratic intervals. Fishermen may benefit from health promotion and education in the areas of smoking, diet and alcohol consumption.

Offshore fishing is a sizeable industry in the UK and it is one of the most dangerous occupations. Long hours, extreme weather and working with heavy machinery contribute to a high mortality rate in fishermen. Despite a long-standing acknowledgement of the dangers and high mortality associated with fishing, there has been little research in this field. Although there have been developments within the industry in terms of safety, there has been little emphasis on the relationship between health, the environment and performance at work. This paper reviews the international literature on the health of fishermen, and describes the main findings and highlights gaps in current evidence. Areas for further research that would inform the future development of an evidence-based occupational health service for the offshore fishing industry are discussed.

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