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Supplemental oxygen is commonly administered to critically ill neonatal foals via nasal canulae. 1 However, some foals remain hypoxaemic despite conventional oxygen therapy and require a greater degree of respiratory support. Mechanical ventilation (MV) can be used 1,2 but requires specialist equipment, expertise and facilities.Mechanical ventilation can also be associated with complications such as barotrauma, nosocomial infection and may not be well tolerated by the patient.In human neonatal care, non-invasive ventilation is commonly used due to concerns about long-term adverse effects of MV such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in pre-term infants. 3 Multiple techniques can be used to provide non-invasive ventilation which includes continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and HFOT. 4 The use of CPAP has been recently described in neonatal foals with pharmacologically induced respiratory suppression with encouraging results. 5 In human neonatal care, conflicting evidence exists as to which method of NIV is superior. 6 In humans, the use of CPAP can be associated with complications such as nasal trauma and

With the exception of AT and D-dimers, coagulation parameters measured on blood samples obtained via an IVC have clinically equivalent values to those obtained by jugular venipuncture.

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An 8-year-old mare was presented for investigation of a 1-month history of blepharospasm, eyelid swelling, corneal edema, and ocular discharge of the right eye (OD). Ophthalmic examination confirmed mucopurulent ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, and a dry, dull appearance to the cornea OD. Schirmer tear test results confirmed an absence of tear production OD (0 mm/min) consistent with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Treatment with topical 0.2% cyclosporine A resulted in an improvement in clinical signs. An episcleral cyclosporine A implant was placed under standing sedation 5 days after initial presentation. Re-examination 9 days post-operatively confirmed that the mare's tear production in the right eye had improved and no further clinical signs had been observed. Topical medications were gradually discontinued. Re-examinations performed up to 12 months postsurgery showed no recurrence of clinical signs and no adverse effects of the implant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of a cyclosporine A implant in the management of KCS in a horse and highlights its potential as an effective, alternative therapy in the management of KCS in horses.