We report a study of the acquisition of colour terms by Russian children which had two main aims: first, to test Berlin & Kay's (1969) theory of colour universals using acquisition order as a measure of basicness; and secondly, to see if the two blue terms of Russian are genuinely basic. Two hundred children aged from three to six-years-old were tested on three colour-tasks – colour term listing, colour term production and colour term comprehension. To a reasonable approximation, the order of colour term acquisition was in accord with Berlin & Kay's theory, but the data are also consistent with the weaker claim that primary terms tend to be learned before derived terms. On balance the data were consistent with Russian exceptionally, having an extra term for the blue region. But, the two blue terms – goluboj ‘light blue’ and sinij ‘dark blue’ – were confused more often than other pairs of terms even by the five- to six-year-old sample.
A design methodology for speech-controlled telephone services has been developed using W~ard-of-Oz simulations as the principal mechanism for evaluating and getting input for dialogue design. This methodology may enable service developers to support dialogues that are optimal with respect to naturalness, especially on a pragmatic level, given the technical restrictions at hand. METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENTAutomatic speech understanding is becoming an increasingly attractive option for providing advanced services to a broad audience while exploiting optimally the limited bandwidth of the telephone channel. Most existing speeeh-controlled services are based around small voeabuhries and isolated word recognition, but as continuous speech recognition technology matures, this will change. Our hypothesis in the DISA (Design for Input Speech Adaptation) project has been that, regardless of the quality of the speech recognition and natural language processing technology available, all such services may benefit from having dialogues derived from task analysis and Wizard-of-Oz simulation studies. In other words, even though natural syntax and semantics cannot be supported, natural pragmatic may still be of use (and to some extent compensate for the limitations).While our studies have produced both serviee-and dialogue-specific da~obtaining meta-results has been the real objective, giving us feedback on how to pursue simulationcentered dialogue design.Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material k granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of ACM. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. CHI' Companion 95, Denver, Colorado, USA 0 1995 ACM 0-89791 -755 -3/95/0005 ...$3.50 WIZARD-OF-OZ SIMULATIONS Several studies have been undertaken in the area of simulating speech-understanding systems [1,3,4], as well as systems interacting through written natural language [2,5], giving suggestions on how to set up such experiments. In the same spirit as most of these experiments, DISA used the simulation-set-up shown in figure 1.The DISA dialogue design methodology comprises at least two separate stages of simulation. The tirst stage is based on soliciting unrestricted, task-oriente~human-human dialogues. For the second round of simulations, a rudimentary dialogue model is used, describing how the target service should behave in different stages of the dialogue. RESULTS Methodological resultsThrough basing the simulations in the second stage on a rudimentary dialogue model, the behaviour of an automated service could be approximated. A support tool, the Wizard's Answering Device (WAND) represented this basic organization of the different parts of the dialogues as a set of panels each having several groups of messages, arranged according to subtask, giving the wizard guidance on what answers were appropriate in a gi...
-The Spoken Language Translator (SLT) is a multi-lingual speech-to-speech translation .Prototype supporting En~hsh, Swed1sh and French withm the air traffic ,information .system (ATIS) domain. The design of SLT 1s characterized by a strongly corpus-driven approach, which accentuates the need for cost-efficient C«?llection p~cedures to obtain training data. This paper discusses vanous approaches to the data collection issue pursued within a speech translation framework. Original American . English speech and Ian~uage data have been collected using traditional W1zard-of-Oz (WOZ) techniques, a relatively costly procedure yielding high-quality results. The resulting corpus has been translated textually into Swedish by a large number of native speakers (427) and used as prompts for trainin2 the target language speech model. This "budget'd collection method is compared to the accepted metnod i.e., gathering data by means of a full-blown WOZ simulation. The results indicate that although translation in this case proved economical and produced considerable data, the method is not sensitive to certain featur~s typical of spoken language, for which WOZ is superior.
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