These results may help to identify job applicants who are dispositionally less suited to this type of work, as well as currently employed therapists who are in need of support or intervention.

Individual differences among adults have generally been conceptualized in terms of personality theory and traits. In contrast, individual differences among very young children (birth to kindergarten) have generally been conceptualized in terms of temperament theory and traits. The present study compares and contrasts measures of temperament and personality in a sample of preschool children. Temperament traits were assessed with a well-established measure (the Rothbart CBQ), and a new preschool rating instrument was used to assess personality traits from the five-factor framework (M5-PS). Indeed, a key purpose of this study was to further the development of the M5-PS. Data were gathered on 122 preschool children who were rated by their teachers. Significant correlations were found between the temperament trait Surgency and the personality trait Extraversion, between the temperament trait Negative Affect and the personality trait Neuroticism, and between the temperament trait Effortful Control and the personality trait Conscientiousness. The overall pattern of correlational data suggests that individual differences in preschool children can be adequately described using the five-factor theory, and that this framework may effectively subsume traditional theories of temperament. Preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the M5-PS is offered.

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COVID-19 has been identified as a public health crisis that can be avoided by preventative health behaviors such as social distancing, the use of a cloth face covering when in public, and regular handwashing or sanitizing. Although identifying predictors of preventive health behaviors related to COVID-19 is important across the general population, it may be especially pertinent in marginalized populations including sexual and gender minorities particularly due to the role of minority stress and internalized stigma in predicting health behaviors. The purpose of this study was to expand the current COVID-19 literature to investigate whether internalized stigma regarding sexual orientation and gender minority status may impact COVID-19 preventative health behaviors. For all the COVID-19 health behaviors examined, internalized stigma and gender minority status accounted for significantly more variance than predictors that were not specific to sexual or gender minority status. However, different facets of internalized sexual minority predicted varying preventative health behaviors. For instance, sexuality dissatisfaction predicted leaving home for nonessential reasons whereas belief in negative stereotypes predicted less frequent handwashing and less use of face masks and social distancing in public places. Furthermore, sexual minority participants had significantly more fear of COVID-19 and anxiety about potentially spreading COVID-19 to others than heterosexual participants, and, although their engagement in preventative health behaviors was equivalent, the patterns of predictors differed between heterosexual and sexual minority individuals. Public Significance StatementAlthough heterosexual and sexual minority individuals have similar levels of engagement in COVID-19 preventative health behaviors (e.g., handwashing and mask wearing), the predictors of health behavior engagement differ between groups. Internalized stigma is related to less adherence to COVID-19 preventative health behaviors in sexual minorities and uniquely accounts for these outcomes above and beyond variables that are not specific to sexual orientation of gender identity.