Using the 1993 South Africa Integrated Household Survey, this paper studies the effect that mother's education through the knowledge channel has on children's health using height for age Z-scores as health measure. Under a two-stage least square methodology we find that an increase in 4 years on mother's education (approximately 1 standard deviation) will lead to an increase of 0.6 standard deviations on her child's height for age Z-score. We also find, as the medical literature suggests, support for the hypothesis that mother's education is more important for children older than 24 months of age. JEL Classification: I12, I21, O15, D1
Birth defects (BDs) are structural or functional anomalies, sporadic or hereditary, of prenatal origin. Public health surveillance is defined as the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. BD surveillance systems may have different characteristics according to design, coverage, type of surveillance, case ascertainment, case definition, BD description, maximum age of diagnosis, pregnancy outcomes, coding systems, and the location of the coding process (central or local). The aim of this article is to describe and compare methodology, applications, and results of birth defect surveillance systems in two South-American countries: Colombia and Argentina. In both countries, the surveillance systems developed activities in relation to the Zika virus emergency. For most BDs, a statistically significant higher prevalence is observed in Argentina-RENAC than in Colombian registries. This may be due to methodological reasons or real differences in prevalence. The strengths, weaknesses, and the future perspectives of the Argentine and Colombian systems are presented. When developing a surveillance system, the objectives, the available resources, and previous experiences in similar contexts must be taken into account. In that sense, the experience of Argentina and Colombia can be useful for others when developing a birth defect surveillance system.
Antecedentes en Colombia para el 2015 las anomalías del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) constituyeron el 16% de la mortalidad por anomalías congénitas, una tasa de sobrevida alta que genera cronicidad en el manejo del paciente y aumento en la carga socioeconómica. Objetivo describir las características clínicas y prevalencia de las anomalías del SNC en Bogotá y Cali del 2001 al 2016. Métodos La información se obtuvo de los Programas de Vigilancia y Seguimiento de Anomalías Congénitas de Bogotá y Cali, realizando un análisis retrospectivo basado en casos y controles del ECLAMC. Se clasificaron los casos por grupos: aislados, polimalformados y sindrómicos. La proporción de casos y controles fue 1:4 respectivamente. Se analizó la distribución de frecuencias y las variables cuantitativas con prueba t de Student. Resultados Se encontraron 924 anomalías del SNC de 488 521 nacimientos y 3696 controles, para una tasa de 18.91/10 000 nacidos vivos. Las malformaciones más frecuentes fueron hidrocefalia (4.24/10 000), microcefalia (3.95/10 000) y defectos del tubo neural (DTN) (3.54/10 000). Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre peso, talla y edad gestacional entre casos y controles. Conclusión Colombia continúa presentando una alta prevalencia de anomalías del SNC, sin embargo, se observa una tendencia a la reducción cuando se compara con las tasas de otros países. Se pudo concluir además la fuerte asociación de las anomalías congénitas del SNC con el parto pretérmino y prematuro, lo que tiene un alto impacto en la morbimortalidad y discapacidad.
This paper examines the evolution of drug use in Colombia over the past years. Our analysis, based on surveys from the Dirección Nacional de Estupefacientes, shows that drug consumption grew substantially between 1996 and 2013. The growth occurred for both genders, all ages, socioeconomic strata and types of occupation. The results also suggest that men of high socioeconomic strata who regularly consume alcohol and cigarettes and who are between 18 and 24 years of age are more likely to use drugs.Finally, the paper presents some indirect evidence that contradicts the alleged effects of the judgment of the Constitutional Court (Sentencia C-221 of May 1994) that decriminalized the personal dose on the consumption of drugs in Colombia.
Background:Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a disease of an inflammatory, heterogeneous nature that involves skin, nails, peripheral and axial joints, as well as the entheses. Due to its systemic involvement, it makes diagnosis and therapy a challenge in clinical practice. (1) It has been estimated that around 6% to 41% of patients with Psoriasis (Pso) will develop PsA, finding an accumulated incidence of 1.7% at 5 years of diagnosis of Psoriasis, 3.1% at 10 years and 5.1% at 20 years (2). In the Dominican Republic we do not have studies that characterize this pathology, so it would be interesting to be able to specify the clinical course, as well as the risk factors and associated prognoses for the development of this entity.Objectives:To determine the factors associated with psoriatic arthritis in patients diagnosed with psoriasis attending the Dermatology service.Methods:A multicenter, descriptive study of primary and secondary source data collection was conducted at the Psoriasis clinic of the Regional University Hospital José María Cabral and Báez, Cibao Regional Dermatological institute and the Foundation to support patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (FUNAPAPSO), in the period of august-December 2018, the universe consisted of 304 patients, 103 patients met inclusion criteria. After signing informed consent, a form was completed that included general, clinical, serological and image data. Analysis of the variables was performed and Chi 2 was used, considering statistical significance p <0.05.Results:Of a total of 103 patients with psoriasis, the mean age was 40 ± 13 years, 63.1% male, 36.9% female. The prevalence of psoriatic arthritis by CASPAR criteria was 36.89%. The presentation of arthritis was asymmetric oligoarthritis in 56.52%, symmetric polyarthritis 21.74% and distal interphalangeal arthritis 13.04%, radiographic findings were present in 7.77% (p: 0.00) of patients with PsA. The forms of presentation of Pso that were most associated with arthritis were plaques 48.57% (p: 0.000) and drop 12.5% (p: 0.01). The quality of life was average in 39.47% and poor in 18.42%. Psoriasic onychopathy was present in 40.23% (p: 0.048) of patients with arthritis. 39% of patients had some type of comorbidity, and of these arterial hypertension obtained 34% (n = 13), obesity 26% (n = 10) and diabetes mellitus 21% (n = 8).Conclusion:The presence of psoriatic arthritis in the population with psoriasis in our environment is high. This is related to the presence of psoriatic onicopathy, radiographic findings and deterioration in the quality of life of patients.References[1] S Raychaudhuri, RW, aS, SR, EM. Management of psoriatic arthritis: Early diagnosis, monitoring of disease severity and cutting edge therapies. Journal of autoimmunity. 2016Octubre.[2] a Ogdie P. The Epidemiology of Psoriatic arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin N am.2015[3] P Helliwel. Natural history, prognosis and socioeconomic aspects of Psoriatic arthrits. Rheum Dis Clin N am. 2015[4] M. Boutet, aGC. Role of the IL-23/IL-17 axis in Psoriasis and Psor...
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