Optimization of a novel series of pyridazin-3-one histamine H(3) receptor (H(3)R) antagonists/inverse agonists identified 6-{4-[3-(R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl}-2H-pyridazin-3-one (8a, CEP-26401; irdabisant) as a lead candidate for potential use in the treatment of attentional and cognitive disorders. 8a had high affinity for both human (K(i) = 2.0 nM) and rat (K(i) = 7.2 nM) H(3)Rs with greater than 1000-fold selectivity over the hH(1)R, hH(2)R, and hH(4)R histamine receptor subtypes and against an in vitro panel of 418 G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes. 8a demonstrated ideal pharmaceutical properties for a CNS drug in regard to water solubility, permeability and lipophilicity and had low binding to human plasma proteins. It weakly inhibited recombinant cytochrome P450 isoforms and human ether-a-go-go-related gene. 8a metabolism was minimal in rat, mouse, dog, and human liver microsomes, and it had good interspecies pharmacokinetic properties. 8a dose-dependently inhibited H(3)R agonist-induced dipsogenia in the rat (ED(50) = 0.06 mg/kg po). On the basis of its pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and safety profiles, 8a was selected for preclinical development. The clinical portions of the single and multiple ascending dose studies assessing safety and pharmacokinetics have been completed allowing for the initiation of a phase IIa for proof of concept.

Attempts to design the macrocyclic maleimides as selective protein kinase C gamma inhibitors led to the unexpected discovery of a novel series of potent and highly selective glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) inhibitors. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions were used to synthesize the key intermediates 17 and 22 that resulted in the synthesis of novel macrocycles. All three macrocyclic series (bisindolyl-, mixed 7-azaindoleindolyl-, and bis-7-azaindolylmaleimides) were found to have submicromolar inhibitory potency at GSK-3beta with various degrees of selectivity toward other protein kinases. To gain the inhibitory potency at GSK-3beta, the ring sizes of these macrocycles may play a major role. To achieve the selectivity at GSK-3beta, the additional nitrogen atoms in the indole rings may contribute to a significant degree. Overall, the bis-7-azaindolylmaleimides 28 and 29 exhibited little or no inhibitions to a panel of 50 protein kinases. Compound 29 almost behaved as a GSK-3beta specific inhibitor. Both 28 and 29 displayed good potency in GS cell-based assay. Molecular docking studies were conducted in an attempt to rationalize the GSK-3beta selectivity of azaindolylmaleimides.

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Interleukin-1 -converting enzyme (ICE) is the obligate enzyme for processing biologically inactive pro IL-1 to the biologically active cytokine, IL-1 . 1 Since this original discovery, the biological role of the enzyme has broadened to include the regulation of certain apoptotic processes, and a large family of homologs has been identified. 2 In a series of communications, we have chronicled our research efforts on the discovery of potent, selective, irreversible inhibitors of ICE. 3-8 These agents incorporate an aspartic acid-derived R-substituted methyl ketone as the essential enzyme recognition element. 7 The highest rates of inactivation, hence greatest potency, are observed in the tripeptide series i. Most recently, we disclosed the first examples of peptidomimetic inhibitors ii of the enzyme in which the Val-Ala unit (P 3 -P 2 residues) was replaced by a pyrimidineacetic acid surrogate. 6 In this final communication, we describe the pyridazinodiazepines iii as a new peptidomimetic class of ICE inhibitor displaying exceptionally high affinity for the enzyme.Previously, we documented the hydrogen-bonding pattern between ICE and its peptide-based inhibitors i by conducting an N-methyl scan of the tripeptide backbone. 4 These results demonstrated that the P 1 and P 3 amido hydrogens were required for high-affinity binding, leading to the replacement of P 3 -P 2 residues in i with a pyrimidine acetyl mimetic 6,9 as in ii. Although the provision for correct hydrogen bonding exists in ii, the potency in this class did not strictly coincide with that of the tripeptide. For example in the tripeptide series, increased rates of inactivation are observed upon exchange of the N-terminal benzyloxycarbonyl (1: R ) Z) to the 4-(methylthio)benzoyl group † Present address: Pharmacopeia, Inc.,

There is much evidence that direct inhibition of the kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) will result in the reduction of angiogenesis and the suppression of tumor growth. Palladium-catalyzed C-C bond, C-N bond formation reactions were used to assemble various pyrazine-pyridine biheteroaryls as potent VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Among them, 4-{5-[6-(3-chloro-phenylamino)-pyrazin-2-yl]-pyridin-3-ylamino}-butan-1-ol (39) and N-{5-[6-(3-chloro-phenylamino)-pyrazin-2-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-N',N'-dimethyl-ethane-1,2-diamine (41) exhibited the highest kinase selectivity against fibroblast growth factor receptor kinase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3. All of these compounds showed good cellular potency to inhibit VEGF-stimulated proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) but with modest effects on the unstimulated growth of HUVEC. The low inhibition of these compounds to the growth of tumor cell lines, such as HeLa, HCT-116, and A375 further confirms that these VEGFR-2 inhibitors are not cytotoxic agents. The in vivo antitumor activity of 39 and 41 were demonstrated in the A375 human melanoma xenograft nude mice model. Molecular modeling (QSAR analysis) was conducted in an attempt to rationalize the observed structure-activity relationship.

The oligosaccharide portion of ganglioside GM1 was found to enhance neuritogenesis by S20Y murine neuroblastoma cells grown in vitro. The average length of the neurites produced by cells grown in the presence of the oligosaccharide portion of GM1 was comparable to that of cells grown in the presence of intact GM1. The processes of these cells were significantly longer (p less than 0.005, pooled t test) than those of cells grown in the presence of comparable concentrations of sialic acid, lactose, sialyllactose, GD1a, or the oligosaccharide moiety of GD1a. These results suggest that it is the oligosaccharide portion of GM1 that is responsible for the ability of GM1 to enhance process outgrowth by S20Y neuroblastoma cells.

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