To examine whether the results of effectiveness studies match those obtained for efficacy studies on the same treatments, we conducted a focused review of the published treatment effectiveness literature. A literature search yielded 35 effectiveness studies for adult disorders (N ϭ 21) and child and adolescent disorders (N ϭ 14). A comparison of data from these studies with benchmarks from recent reviews of efficacy trials revealed treatment completion rates comparable with those found in the efficacy benchmarks. The improvement rates were comparable in effectiveness studies with those reported in randomized clinical trials of treatment efficacy. Despite methodological limitations in many effectiveness studies, these initial data provide encouraging support for the transportability to clinical settings of treatments with established efficacy.

Isothermal interdiffusion coefficients have been obtained by Gouy interferometry for the ternary system NaCl-M g C l r H 2 0 at 25.00 OC and a 1 :1 mole ratio of NaCl to MgC12. Data are reported for total molar concentrations of 0.5, 1.0,2.0, 3.0, and 3.72 M. Diffusion coefficients at mole ratios of 1:l (0.5 and 1.0 M), 1:3 (1.0 and 3.0 M), and 3: 1 (1 .O M) were also obtained by Rayleigh interferometry during the corresponding Gouy experiments by switching the two optical systems back and forth. As expected, good agreement is found between Gouy and Rayleigh results. Diffusion coefficients at the 1:l ratio are intermediate between the results for 1:3 and 3:l ratios, with Dl2 becoming large with increasing concentration but always less than D I I and D22, and with Dl1 and D22 crossing at 2.8 M. Densities were measured for all solutions. Rayleigh experimental and data analysis techniques are described.

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Recent work has emphasized the importance of assessing the marital relationships of depressed persons. The present study was designed to examine the specificity to clinical depression of problematic marital functioning and to assess potential gender differences in the marital relationships and spousal interactions of depressed persons. Depressed psychiatric patients, nondepressed medical patients, and nondepressed community control subjects and their spouses completed measures of marital satisfaction and then participated in a 20-min marital interaction task. Subjects then completed measures assessing their postinteraction mood and perceptions of their spouses, and the interactions were scored with respect to the frequency of occurrence of a number of behaviors. The depressed couples differed from the community controls on virtually every measure of marital functioning. Furthermore, although the medical patients and their spouses also reported marital dissatisfaction and exhibited dysfunctional interactional behavior, only the depressed couples were characterized by negative affect following the interactions and by negative appraisals of their spouses' behaviors. This negative affect was particularly pronounced for the depressed women. Implications of these results are discussed and directions for further research are offered.

Fathers from dual-earner families with preschool-aged children reported that they were frequently involved in disciplining their children, often helped them in their daily routines, and occasionally got up at night with them. Fathers' sense of competence in the paternal role was predicted by marital satisfaction and the perception that their partners view them as competent fathers. Fathers' satisfaction in the paternal role was predicted by marital satisfaction and adaptability within the couple relationship. These results highlight the marital relationship as an important context for the quality of men's experience in their fathering role. Implications for programs promoting father involvement are discussed.