In the pig, undernutrition in utero causes low birth weight, a decrease in muscle fiber number, and a reduction in postnatal growth rate. The effect on fiber number is mediated via a reduced secondary fiber population. Within a litter of pigs, lighter-weight pigs have probably suffered some deficit in muscle fiber number. In an attempt to improve the number of fibers in the lighter-weight pig fetuses, four maternal feeding regimens were used, one serving as the control. Maternal feed intake was doubled for one of three time periods during pregnancy: 1) d 25 to 50 (HE) immediately before fiber hyperplasia; 2) d 50 to 80 (HL) during fiber hyperplasia; or 3) d 25 to 80 (HT) covering both developmental events. Controls were fed at levels routinely used for pregnant sows on the farm. Sows farrowed normally and pig birth weights were recorded. Estimates were made of total myofiber number, total primary fiber number, and mean secondary:primary fiber number ratio (S:P) for the semitendinosus of each pig at 5 wk postnatal or 80 kg (HT and two control litters only). The progeny of all supplemented sows had a significantly greater mean S:P ratio (P < .05), and the HE pigs tended to have a greater number of muscle fibers than control pigs (403,840 +/- 8,197 vs 370,970 +/- 12,720). Postnatal growth rate to 80 kg was also investigated for the HT group of pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fast-growing strains of pigs and of other animals tend to have more muscle fibers than do slow-growing strains. The relationship between fiber number and growth rate was extended by examining pigs within the same strain. Seven litters of pigs (n = 66) were weighted at monthly intervals from birth to approximately 80 kg. The semitendinosus muscle was removed and an estimation of total fiber number, total primary fiber number, and mean secondary:primary fiber number (S:P) ratio was made for each animal. Pig growth was divided into three approximately linear phases: birth to 6 kg, 6 to 25 kg, and 25 kg to slaughter weight. Average daily gain in the first two phases was correlated with birth weight (r = .3614, P < .05 and r = .5873, P < .001, respectively) but was not correlated with total muscle fiber number. In the third growth phase ADG was correlated with muscle fiber number (r = .4149, P < .001) and was not correlated with birth weight. The gain:feed ratio was also calculated for each pig during the third growth phase and was found to be correlated with fiber number (r = .4191, P < .001). These results suggest that muscle fiber number is an important determinant of postnatal growth such that pig littermates with a high fiber number tend to grow faster and more efficiently than littermates with a lower fiber number.
Despite a growing awareness of the unique needs of psychiatric patients with co-occurring substance abuse and dependence disorders (i.e. dual diagnosis), there is a dearth of research investigating the prevalence of dual diagnosis in forensic psychiatric populations. Similarly, little work has been done to determine the implications of dual diagnosis for forensic psychiatric patients. Patients at the Thomas Embling Hospital in Victoria, Australia, were assessed to determine the prevalence of substance abuse disorders and mental illnesses within this population. Results reveal that the majority of patients (approximately 74%) have a lifetime substance abuse or dependence disorder. Information was collected concerning patients' criminal histories and the Level of Service Inventory, Revised, was completed for each patient who participated. Results suggest that patients with both major mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders have more extensive criminal histories and demonstrate a higher level of risks and needs when compared with patients with major mental illness alone. The implications for the development and delivery of effective forensic mental health services that address both co-occurring disorders are also discussed.
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