An epileptiform syndrome was induced in rats by injection of tetanus toxin (approximately 10 mouse LD50) unilaterally into the hippocampus. Continuous EEG records were obtained from implanted hippocampal electrodes for periods of 4-7 weeks in 14 rats. In a pilot study of two of these rats, three more recording electrodes were placed in other brain areas. Six of the rats (including the latter two) were simultaneously filmed using time-lapse videorecording, and the relationships between EEG events and overt motor fits were assessed using a split-screen video monitoring system. Characteristic peaks and troughs in the numbers of overt fits occurring each day were noted in all the rats that were filmed, and less marked peaks occurred in the numbers of hippocampal seizure discharges. At the start of the syndrome, seizure discharges occurred without accompanying fits; then overt fits occurred with some of the discharges; later the animals stopped having fits but seizure discharges continued to occur alone for several weeks. Fits only occurred with longer seizure discharges (more than approximately 30 s), but not all longer seizures were associated with fits. Whether or not a hippocampal seizure discharge leads to a motor fit appears to depend not on the nature of the electrical activity in the hippocampus but probably on the properties of areas, such as the cingulate gyrus, to which the seizure activity may spread. Large epileptiform spikes occurred throughout the syndrome, and their frequency was often increased for some minutes after a seizure discharge. While there was an overall correlation between the number of fits and the number of seizure discharges occurring during the entire syndrome, within relatively brief periods this relation was not consistent. The occurrence of motor fits was often associated with a decrease in seizure discharge frequency. In the four rats with bilateral electrodes, some independent EEG activity was observed in the uninjected hippocampus.
As social work increasingly develops an international perspective, there is a need for educational approaches that more fully integrate this content into the curriculum. This article presents an instructional framework focused on developing global leadership using the theme of universal human rights. It encourages students to analyze oppressive practices of power and to pursue equality for all people through acquiring human rights literacy (knowledge), empathy (values), responsibility (action), and transforming this into global leadership (change). It provides examples of teaching strategies that assist students in developing an international perspective to guide social work practice in the global 21st century.
This article reports on an exploratory research study that found that working a half-time job while pursuing a full-time course load is typical for most undergraduate social work students. Average number of hours worked and perceived work interference with studies were associated with lower overall grade point average.
SUMMARY Carbamazepine (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg) given three times a day, has been demonstrated to have a significant anti-epileptic effect in rats with chronic limbic epilepsy induced by injecting tetanus toxin bilaterally into their hippocampi. This effect involved a reduction in the maximum number of fits occurring on one day, and with the highest dose, a significant reduction in the total number of fits. In a pilot experiment in which continuous EEG records were obtained throughout the syndrome, it appeared that the effect of carbamazepine was to reduce the proportion of EEG seizure discharges which lead to overt motor fits. With the higher drug dose plasma levels of carbamazepine were maintained around 2 ,g/ml. This experimental epilepsy produces enduring deficits in the rats' memories for a light-discrimination task in a Y-maze learned before induction of epilepsy (8 weeks after initial learning). If the rats are dosed with carbamazepine during their epilepsy this memory deficit is abolished.Recent work in this laboratory has exploited an animal model of complex partial seizures produced by injection of minute doses of the exceptionally toxic protein, tetanus toxin, into the hippocampus of rats. The toxin produces chronic focal epilepsy, probably by its ability to block the release of the inhibitory transmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid.' 2 This causes a chronic epileptiform syndrome in which the rats have intermittent myoclonic seizures, electroencephalographic signs of focal epilepsy and show a wide range of behavioural abnormalities. We have a remarkably complete life-history of this syndrome, obtained from continuous EEG and video records over periods of several weeks. The model has a number of advantages over other experimentally-induced chronic epilepsies. In particular, the toxin appears to produce a specific pharmacological lesion since control animals simlarly injected with neutralised toxin do not develop the epilepsy and also because the effects of the toxin occur without any associated gross pathological changes at the site of injection.3 Furthermore, while the epilepsy is chronic, since it lasts for several weeks, it is at least partially reversible in that the Address for reprint requests: Dr J Mellanby,
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