Organic poultry production has increased sharply with growing consumer demand in the context of sustainable development. A study was conducted in 85 organic broiler flocks between 2014 and 2015 to describe the husbandry practices and the health and welfare status of organic broilers in France, and to study farming diversity by comparing independent farms (Ind farms, n = 15) with direct sales to farms working with companies (Comp farms, n = 70). Each flock was visited at 3 and 11 weeks of age to collect data on farming conditions, health disorders, and mortality. Welfare notation of 30 broilers per flock and parasitic examination of 5 broilers per flock was also performed. Findings showed significantly different farming management between Ind farms and Comp farms, with smaller flocks on the Ind farms (476 broilers/house vs. 3062 broilers/house, p < 0.01) more frequently in mobile houses. The mean mortality rate was 2.8%, mainly involving digestive disorders. Helminths were detected in 58.8% of the flocks. On average, 21.9% and 5.8% of broilers in a flock had footpad dermatitis and dirty feathers, respectively. The health and welfare characteristics of organic broilers on Ind farms vs. Comp farms were not significantly different, except dirtier feathers and more footpad dermatitis on Ind farms (19.1% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.03 and 39.6% vs. 18.1%, p = 0.02, respectively), associated with poultry housing conditions in mobile houses (p < 0.01). This study provides greater insight into farming sustainability aspects related to the husbandry practices, and the health and welfare of organic broilers in France.

The reduction of copper-based plant-protection products with the final aim of phasing out has a high priority in European policy, as well as in organic agriculture. Our survey aims at providing an overview of the current use of these products in European organic agriculture and the need for alternatives to allow policymakers to develop strategies for a complete phasing out. Due to a lack of centralized databases on pesticide use, our survey combines expert knowledge on permitted and real copper use per crop and country, with statistics on organic area. In the 12 surveyed countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK), we calculated that approximately 3258 t copper metal per year is consumed by organic agriculture, equaling to 53% of the permitted annual dosage. This amount is split between olives (1263 t y−1, 39%), grapevine (990 t y−1, 30%), and almonds (317 t y−1, 10%), followed by other crops with much smaller annual uses (<80 t y−1). In 56% of the allowed cases (countries × crops), farmers use less than half of the allowed amount, and in 27%, they use less than a quarter. At the time being, completely abandoning copper fungicides would lead to high yield losses in many crops. To successfully reduce or avoid copper use, all preventive strategies have to be fully implemented, breeding programs need to be intensified, and several affordable alternative products need to be brought to the market.

Reduction of copper-based fungicides with the final aim of phasing out has a high priority in European policy as well as in organic agriculture. Our survey aims at providing an overview of the current use of copper-based plant protection products in European organic agriculture and the need for alternatives to allow policy makers to develop strategies for a complete phasing out. Due to a lack of centralized databases on pesticide use, our survey combines expert knowledge on permitted and real copper use per crop and country with statistics on organic area. In the 12 surveyed countries, covering together 83% of the European organically managed horticultural area, we calculated approximately 3258 t copper metal per year are consumed by organic agriculture, equalling to 53% of the permitted annual dosage. This amount is split between olives (1263 t y-1, 39%), grapevine (990t y-1, 30%), and almonds (317 t y-1, 10%), followed by other crops with much smaller annual uses (<80 t y-1). Potato, usually considered a highly demanding plant for copper inputs, only uses 39 t y-1 of copper per year. In 56% of the allowed cases (countries × crops), farmers use less than half of the allowed amount, and in 27% less than a quarter, with some variability between countries. Considering the large volumes of copper used annually, replacement of copper seems only feasible if all preventive strategies from the crop protection pyramid are fully implemented and several affordable alternative plant protection products are successfully brought to the market.

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La maîtrise de la saisonnalité de la reproduction est un enjeu pour les filières ovines et caprines. Dans le contexte socio-économique actuel, l’essor de pratiques alternatives aux traitements hormonaux d’induction et de synchronisation des chaleurs et des ovulations est nécessaire en Agriculture Conventionnelle (AC) et de nouvelles perspectives d’évolution sont attendues en Agriculture Biologique (AB). À partir d’enquêtes réalisées auprès de 97 intervenants en élevage et 298 éleveurs ovins et caprins en AB et en AC, nous avons dressé un état des lieux des pratiques de gestion de la reproduction mises en œuvre dans les principaux bassins de production en France. Puis, nous avons évalué l’acceptabilité des acteurs vis-à-vis de deux outils innovants associés à la gestion de la reproduction : l’utilisation de phéromones impliquées dans l’effet mâle (comme alternative aux traitements hormonaux pour l’induction et la synchronisation des ovulations et des chaleurs) et la détection automatisée des chaleurs (pour optimiser la mise à la reproduction par IA ou pour la lutte en main). D’après les enquêtes, les pratiques de dessaisonnement de la reproduction impliquant les traitements lumineux, le recours à la mélatonine et les lactations longues sont quasi exclusivement mises en œuvre par les producteurs caprins. Les traitements hormonaux pour l’induction et la synchronisation des chaleurs et la mélatonine sont interdits par le cahier des charges en AB et donc exclusivement utilisés en AC. Au contraire, l’effet mâle est pratiqué dans l’ensemble des filières. La détection des chaleurs n’est mise en œuvre que par les éleveurs caprins et ovins laitiers. Enfin, le flushing est surtout pratiqué en filière ovine. L’utilisation potentielle des phéromones pour induire et synchroniser les chaleurs intéresse à la fois les intervenants et les éleveurs. En AB, cette technique soulève cependant des questions quant au respect du cahier des charges. L’accueil réservé aux détecteurs automatisés de chaleurs est plus mitigé. Si leur intérêt pour l’organisation du travail et la facilitation des IA a été exprimé par les éleveurs, ces derniers ont soulevé une inquiétude quant à l’inadéquation par rapport aux conduites d’élevage au pâturage a été soulevée. Si certains éleveurs sont prêts à acquérir les deux types de dispositifs, ils sont en attente des résultats concernant l’efficacité, le coût et la praticité des outils avant d’envisager de s’équiper.

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