No abstract

Oleosomes, with their unique structural proteins, the oleosins, are known to be useful in cosmetics and other emulsion applications. A procedure to fractionate intact oleosomes to produce soybean oil without the use of organic solvents was investigated. Process parameters, enzyme treatment, filtration, cell lysis, and centrifugation, were studied. Successive extractions of the residue, eliminating the filtration step, pressurization, or ultrasonication of soybean flour prior to enzyme treatment and enzyme treatment on the residue, were the key steps. A mixture of Multifect Pectinase FE, Cellulase A, and Multifect CX 13L in equal proportion gave 36.42-63.23% of the total soybean oil from oleosomes, respectively, for 45 and 180 s of blending time, compared to the conventional method with lower yields (34.24 and 28.65%, respectively, for 45 and 180 s of blending time). Three successive extractions of the residue increased the oil yield to a maximum of 84.65% of the total soybean oil recovered in intact oleosomes. The percentage of lipid in the supernatant fraction decreased to a minimum value of 0.33% with the use of the enzymes at a 3% dosage. The results are considered to be useful for developing large-scale and efficient extraction of oleosomes from soybean.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Rosmarinic acid (RA), a caffeic acid-related compound found in high concentrations in Prunella vulgaris (self-heal), and ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpene acid concentrated in Salvia officinalis (sage), have been traditionally used to treat inflammation in the mouth, and may also be beneficial for gastrointestinal health in general. Aim of the study To investigate the permeabilities of RA and UA as pure compounds and in P. vulgaris and S. officinalis ethanol extracts across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers. Materials and methods The permeabilities and Phase II biotransformation of RA and UA as pure compounds and in herbal extracts were compared using Caco-2 cells with HPLC detection. Results The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) for RA and RA in P. vulgaris extracts was 0.2 ± 0.05 × 10−6 cm/s, significantly increased to 0.9 ± 0.2 × 10−6 cm/s after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase treatment. Papp for UA and UA in S. officinalis extract was 2.7 ± 0.3 × 10−6 cm/s and 2.3 ± 0.5 × 10−6 cm/s before and after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase treatment, respectively. Neither compound was affected in permeability by the herbal extract matrix. Conclusion RA and UA in herbal extracts had similar uptake as that found using the pure compounds, which may simplify the prediction of compound efficacy, but the apparent lack of intestinal glucuronidation/sulfation of UA is likely to further enhance the bioavailability of that compound compared with RA.

The reaction of fumonisin B1 with the reducing sugar D-glucose can block the primary amine group of fumonisin B1 and may detoxify this mycotoxin. A method to separate hundred milligram quantities of fumonisin B1-glucose reaction products from the excess D-glucose with a reversed-phase C18 cartridge was developed. Mass spectrometry revealed that there were four primary products in this chain reaction when fumonisin B1 was heated with D-glucose at 65 C for 48 h: N-methyl-fumonisin B1, N-carboxymethylfumonisin B1, N-(3-hydroxyacetonyl)-fumonisin B1, and N-(2-hydroxy, 2-car-boxyethyl)-fumonisin B1. The N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B1 (fumonisin B1-glucose Schiff 's base) was detected by mass spectrometry when fumonisin B1 was heated with D-glucose at 60 C. The nonenzymatic browning reaction of fumonisin B1 with excess D-glucose followed apparent first-order kinetics. The activation energy, Ea, was 105.7 kJ/mol. RightsOn-time permission is granted only for the use specified in your request. No additional uses are granted (such as derivative works or other editions). AuthorsYun Lu, Laura Clifford, Catherine C.