PurposeThis paper seeks to investigate issues with the fit and sizing of commercially available men's business clothing in the USA.Design/methodology/approachThe functional design process is a conceptual framework used to frame an investigation of fit and sizing of men's business clothing. Data were collected from 322 men aged 20‐55 at two different demographic levels. Sizing and fit of men's shirts, pants, suits and their garment features were reported to investigate fit issues with men's ready‐to‐wear business clothing and their relationships to sizing and overall body composition.FindingsResults indicated that many men self‐report fit issues with their business clothing, including issues with the key sizing dimensions of their garments. Consumers frequenting specialty stores with high service levels reported fewer issues with key sizing dimensions, but more issues in other areas of the garments. Many respondents did not know their garment size. Some consumers appear to be choosing their garments based on non key measurements to best accommodate their individual shape, while those choosing by their sized measurements may not achieve satisfactory fit in all areas.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample was generally located in the southeast United States. Sizing systems and clothing manufacturers vary globally.Originality/valueLittle research into the sizing and fit of men's clothing has been performed. This article investigates self‐reported fit issues to establish a baseline for further studies in the area.
Aims: Three experiments were conducted to determine the survival and transfer of Salmonella Typhimurium from wood, tile or carpet to bologna (sausage) and bread. Methods and Results: Experiment 1. After 28 days, 1·5 to 2·5 log10 CFU cm−2 remained on tile from and the more concentrated media facilitated the survival of S. Typhimurium compared with the more dilute solutions. Experiments 2 and 3. The bacterial transfer rate to food decreased as the bacterial residence time on the surface increased from 2, 4, 8 to 24 h with transfers of 6·5, 4·8, 4·6 and 3·9 log CFU ml−1 in the rinse solutions, respectively. Over 99% of bacterial cells were transferred from the tile to the bologna after 5 s of bologna exposure to tile. Transfer from carpet to bologna was very low (<0·5%) when compared with the transfer from wood and tile (5–68%). Conclusions: (i) Salmonella Typhimurium can survive for up to 4 weeks on dry surfaces in high‐enough populations to be transferred to foods and (ii) S. Typhimurium can be transferred to the foods tested almost immediately on contact. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrated the ability of bacteria to survive and cross‐contaminate other foods even after long periods of time on dry surfaces, thus reinforcing the importance of sanitation on food contact to minimize the risk of foodborne illness.
This study examined the relationship among pre‐purchase and post‐purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement of women who participated in tennis. As women's activities in sports, including tennis, are growing, it is necessary to investigate their clothing needs in order to meet consumers’ needs. A final sample consisted of 124 women who attended a Cortec United States Tennis Association Women's Pro Tournament. The questionnaires were personally distributed and collected during the tournament. The theoretical base for this study was the Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard model on consumer decision making. There was a positive significant relationship between pre‐purchase satisfaction and post‐purchase satisfaction (P < 0.01). There was a positive significant relationship between pre‐purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement (P < 0.001). Also, there was a positive significant relationship between post‐purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement (P < 0.001). Comfort was identified as the most important clothing attribute and fit the second most important for women to achieve satisfaction before and after purchasing tennis apparel. Seventy‐two percent of the women indicated the need for improved fit of tennis wear. Women of all ages reported garment length as a problem for each garment type. Two major reasons for not purchasing tennis clothing were high prices and inappropriate sizes.
Human scleroderma serum 5051, which is known to recognize the amorphous pericentriolar microtubule organizing center material of a variety of vertebrate cells, was found to immunostain spindle poles of meristematic higher plants from pre-prophase to late anaphase. Subsequently, during cytokinesis, staining was redistributed around the reforming telophase nuclei, but was not evident in the cytokinetic phragmoplast. At the transition between telophase and interphase, before the typical cortical interphase microtubule array was established, short microtubules radiated from the nucleus and in such cells the material recognized by 5051 was located around the daughter nuclei and not the cortex.These observations have led us to propose that the perinuclear region, or the nuclear surface, may function as a nucleation center for both spindle and interphase microtubules in higher plant cells.Four successive microtubule arrays are present during the cell cycle in meristematic higher plant cells: the interphase cortical array (which is involved in orienting fibrils in the wall), the pre-prophase band (which predicts the division plane), the spindle, and, finally, the cytokinetic phragmoplast (12,20,23). The functions of these arrays and the control of their rearrangements are fundamental to tissue patterning and morphogenesis (7); very little is known, however, about the nature or location of the components which nucleate and/or organize microtubules in plant cells. It is not known, for example, whether each array has its own nucleating sites or whether common sites successively nucleate all arrays (16).The origins of the cortical interphase array are not clear. Concentrations of electron-dense material, thought to be microtubule nucleating sites, have been observed in the cell cortex, and this has led to the idea that this microtubule array may be generated by sites at cell edges (8). However, it is not known whether this concept applies generally to higher plant cells, nor is it known if these putative interphase sites are related to those active during cell division.In most animal cells, a pair ofcentrioles serves as a convenient marker for the associated amorphous pericentriolar material (PCM) ~ which functions as the microtubule nucleating site both in interphase and at mitosis (6, 18). Higher plant cells do not contain centrioles, but osmiophilic material resembling PCM has been observed at the poles of plant spindles (l 9). This led Pickett-Heaps (19) to propose the term "microtubule organising centres" for similar material in both plants and animals. Recently, a human auto-antibody has been described (1) which recognizes PCM in a variety of vertebrate cells, but also immunostains the spindle poles of mouse eggs which, like plant cells, do not possess a centriole. The ability to detect PCM in the absence of centrioles has led us to investigate the staining pattern of this serum in plant cells, and we report here that the serum recognizes material at the spindle poles of Allium root-tip cells, and we have fol...
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