With the growing environmental concern, there is evidence that increasing symbiotic relationship between plants in the same industrial area, highly contributes to a more sustainable development of industrial activities. The concept of industrial ecology extended to the terms of eco-industrial park (or ecopark) or industrial symbioses is the topic of extensive research since the five last years. More particularly, even if a lot of ecopark examples and realizations already exist throughout the world, a lot of ecopark proposals are in progress but not achieved. Recently, this vision leads the research community to focus on works proposing methods to optimize the exchanges of an ecopark prior to its design and construction. We find it especially interesting for the scientific community to propose a detailed paper review focused on optimization works devoted to the design of eco industrial parks. This paper is based on a comprehensive literature search in Web of Science database for publications that listed 'industrial symbiosis' (or 'eco industrial park', or 'inter plant integration') and 'optimization'. This study is segmented into different sections with first, a description of the different concepts evoked in the literature. Then, the several types of networking in an eco-industrial park are detailed in association with the optimization methods employed to solve each problem. The following sections reviews the different objective functions that are formulated to optimally design an eco-industrial park. The last part of the paper is devoted to a critical analysis of the state of the art by proposing several routes to improve the methodologies found in the literature. Another aim of this paper review consists in finding the gaps existing in previous studies. These major gaps are found to be: the lack of multiobjective optimization studies, the absence of social/societal objectives formulation also needs to be addressed and the lack of works taking into account flexibility of ecoparks in an operational point of view.

The high cost and energy intensity of virgin carbon fibre manufacturing constitute a challenge to recover sub stantial value from carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP). The objective of this study is to assess the en vironmental and financial viability of several waste management processes for CFRP. Life cycle costing and environmental assessment models are developed to quantify the financial and environmental impacts of waste treatment pathways comparing a panel of recycling techniques that are now available (grinding, pyrolysis, microwave and supercritical water) and that can be used to substitute different grades of both carbon and glass fibres by recycled carbon fibres at competitive prices compared to landfill and incineration. GWP assessment promotes recycling activities by recovery of carbon fibre due to the high avoided impacts from substitution of virgin fibre, thus highlighting the high interest of recycling over conventional production for environmental purpose. Fibre recovery rate and recycling capacity are pivotai to decrease the unit cost of recycled fibre as well as GWP impacts. The advantages and drawbacks of each technique are analysed through economic and en vironmental indicators, to better understand the network configuration for optimisation purpose of waste management pathway in a holistic viewpoint. Abbr

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A common pathway for P-recovery from wastewater is phosphate precipitation as calcium phosphates. In this paper, a thermodynamic model for phosphate precipitation is proposed based on various models of activity coefficient taking into account various calcium phosphate phases which can crystallize in the range of pH to be considered, i.e. both dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) for pH lower than 7.3 and only ACP for pH higher than 7.3. The parameters include the solubility products of ACP and DCPD species. The observed discrepancy in liquid phase equilibrium constants reported in the literature leads to determination of an uncertainty zone describing the precipitation domain. The results obtained offer interesting possibilities for a further optimization of process operating conditions, i.e. determining Ca/P molar ratio, in order to reduce effluen pH (thus avoiding post-treatment) and, consequently, to maximize reactor efficien y. .

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