Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent and symptomatic health problem in the middle-aged and elderly population, with over one-half of all people over the age of 65 showing radiographic changes in painful knees. The aim of the present study was to perform an overview on the available animal models used in the research field on the OA. Discrepancies between the animal models and the human disease are present. As regards human ‘idiopathic’ OA, with late onset and slow progression, it is perhaps wise not to be overly enthusiastic about animal models that show severe chondrodysplasia and very early OA. Advantage by using genetically engineered mouse models, in comparison with other surgically induced models, is that molecular etiology is known. Find potential molecular markers for the onset of the disease and pay attention to the role of gender and environmental factors should be very helpful in the study of mice that acquire premature OA. Surgically induced destabilization of joint is the most widely used induction method. These models allow the temporal control of disease induction and follow predictable progression of the disease. In animals, ACL transection and meniscectomy show a speed of onset and severity of disease higher than in humans after same injury.
Objective Vertebral aspergillosis is quite rare conditions, often misdiagnosed, that requires long-term antibiotic therapy, and sometimes, surgical treatments. The present investigations were aimed to investigate the epidemiology, clinical-radiological aspects, treatment protocols, and outcomes of Aspergillus-mediated vertebral osteomyelitis. Methods A systematic review of the pertinent English literature according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines was performed. The research was conducted on Cochrane library, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus using as search-terms “Aspergillus,” “vertebral osteomyelitis,” “spondylodiscitis,” “spine infection.” A case of vertebral aspergillosis conservatively managed was also reported. Results Eighty-nine articles were included in our systematic review. Including the reported case, our analysis covered 112 cases of vertebral aspergillosis. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated in 68 cases (61.2%), Aspergillus flavus in 14 (12.6%), Aspergillus terreus in 4 (3.6%), Aspergillus nidulans in 2 (1.8%). Seventy-three patients (65.7%) completely recovered at the last follow-up evaluation; in 7 patients (6.3%) radiological signs of chronic infection were reported, whereas 32 patients (28.8%) died during the follow-up. Conclusion This systematic review summarized the state of the art on vertebral aspergillosis, retrieving data on clinical features, diagnostic criteria and current limitations, treatment alternatives, and their outcomes.
Purpose In the athletic population, the prevalence of isolated syndesmotic lesions is high. To detect potential instability of the ankle is crucial to deine those lesions in need of surgical management. The aim was to deine how the extent of tibio-ibular syndesmotic ligament injury inluences the overall stability of the ankle joint in a cadaver model. Methods Twenty fresh-frozen through knee cadaveric leg specimens were subjected to diferent simulated syndesmotic ligament lesions. In Group 1 (n = 10), the order of ligament sectioning was: anterior tibio-ibular ligament (ATFL), supericial deltoid ligament (SDL), deep deltoid ligament (DDL), posterior tibio-ibular ligament (PTFL), and progressive sectioning at 10, 50 and 100 mm of the distal interosseous membrane (IOM). In Group 2 (n = 10), the sequence was: ATFL, PITFL, 10 and then 50 mm of the distal IOM, SDL, DDL, and 100 mm of the distal IOM. Diastasis of 4 mm in the coronal or sagittal plane and external rotation of the ankle greater than 20° were considered indicative of instability. Results Both coronal and sagittal diastasis exceeded 4 mm with injury patterns characterized by IOM lesions extending beyond 5 cm. External rotation of the ankle exceeded 20° with injury patterns characterized by a DDL lesion. Conclusion Coronal and sagittal plane diastases of the tibio-ibular syndesmosis are particularly afected by sequential lesions involving the IOM, whereas increased external rotation of the ankle most depends on DDL. The identiication of the speciic syndesmotic and deltoid ligament injuries is crucial to understanding which lesions need operative management. The knowledge of which pattern of tibio-ibular syndesmotic ligament injury inluences the ankle joint stability is crucial in deining which lesions need for surgical management.
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