Narrative and dialogical perspectives suggest that personal meaning systems' flexibility is an important resource for change in psychotherapy. Drawn from these theoretical backgrounds, a research program focused on the identification of Innovative Moments (IMs)-exceptions to the inflexible meaning systems present in psychopathological suffering-has been carried out. For this purpose, three process-oriented coding systems were developed: The IMs Coding System, the Ambivalence Coding System, and the Ambivalence Resolution Coding System. They allow, respectively, for the study of change, ambivalence, and ambivalence resolution in therapy. This paper presents these coding systems, the main findings that resulted from their application to different samples and therapeutic models, the main current and future lines of research, as well as the clinical applications of this research program.

Elaborating innovative moments (IMs) that are new ways of thinking, feeling, behaving and relating, in the therapeutic dialogue, may facilitate change. IMs that are more predictive of amelioration of symptoms in CBT are the ones focused on contrasts between former problematic patterns and new adjusted ones; and the ones in which the clients elaborate on processes of change. Therapists may integrate these kinds of questions (centred on contrasts and centred on what allowed change from the client's perspective), in the usual CBT techniques. When elaborating these IMs successfully, therapists may expect an improvement in symptoms in the next session of psychotherapy.

As in previously studied therapies, setbacks in EFT, usually represent productive work on relatively less advanced strands of the client's major problems. Results point to the importance of the therapist attending to the limits of the client's therapeutic ZPD.

The construction of new meanings is important in improving depressive symptomatology. Psychotherapists can elicit these new meanings in their regular practice by posing questions that may help clients to conceptualize what is changing in themselves (CS) and questions of how this change is occurring (CP). The construction of an integrative account of these new meanings is associated with psychotherapeutic gains, and thus, reconceptualizing change could improve symptoms of depression.

In this interesting article, Andreouli (2013). Identity and acculturation: The case of naturalised citizens in Britain. Culture & Psychology, 19, 1-47) presents a dialogical perspective on acculturation. To support this perspective, the author integrates the Dialogical Self Theory and the Social Representations Theory. Drawing on her theoretical explanation, we develop a conceptual review focused on two pairs of constructssocial representations/I-positions and polyphasia/polyphonia. Andreouli's empirical study allowed her to operationalize some critiques about the two-dimensional perspective and its strategies on acculturation. Nevertheless, it seems that the author ends up replicating a more conventional and dual way of thinking. Their results give us privileged access to the negotiation of meanings and activation of promoter signs or, in other words, to the dialogical dynamics between I-positions. In this respect, we suggest that the assumption of a more dialogic and semiotic lens could be an interesting further development to this study.

This article applies a dialogical analysis to the change processes involved in moving from engagement with to disengagement from an armed militant group, as well as from radicalisation to deradicalisation. The findings underline the interplay between different push and pull factors at individual, organisational and societal levels which played a role in the already mentioned processes in three periods of timeengagement with, life within and disengagement from an armed organisation. The dialogical framework conceptualises the development trajectory as relationships between a variety of positions of the self (I-positions), which generate different personal meanings involved in processes of disengagement and deradicalisation.

Previous studies have found an association between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome, but only recently have researchers begun to analyse time-lagged relationships between session-to-session measures of alliance and outcomes with hierarchical linear modelling (HLM). HLM assumes simple correlation structures between any two measurements from the same client. In this paper, we suggest that this assumption might be problematic. Session-to-session measurements of outcomes (Outcome Questionnaire-10.2) and alliance (Working Alliance Inventory) in a sample (N = 63) were used to perform HLM analyses to test time-lagged (lag +1) relations between outcomes and alliance in both directions. A first set of analyses replicated the models consistently used in the literature, whereas a second set of models considered a correlation structure as a function of time. A correlation independent of time distance resulted in a bidirectional influence between alliance and outcomes (the model commonly used in the literature), but when considering a correlation structure as a function of time, only the outcomes were predictive of alliance. Considering a more complex correlation structure as a function of time seems to be an important analytical strategy for addressing the issue of variability in within-client measurements over time.This study highlights how the misspecification of a statistical model, namely, not considering a time-dependent correlation structure of the response variable, may lead to misleading findings in HLM studies. This is particularly relevant in process-outcome research, such as studies analysing the impact of therapeutic alliance on clinical outcomes.

RESUMOINTRODUÇÃO: As perturbações psiquiátricas da infância podem persistir durante a adolescência e vida adulta, vindo a ter um impacto negativo e que pode afetar o desenvolvimento e a autonomia do futuro adulto. O presente estudo epidemiológico surgiu da necessidade de conhecer a probabilidade de psicopatologia na infância, na população do primeiro ciclo do concelho de Vila Franca de Xira. Um dos objetivos é permitir, de forma sustentada, aferir as necessidades reais, do ponto de vista da Saúde Mental, da população infantil deste concelho. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Participaram neste estudo encarregados de educação e professores de 3063 crianças das escolas do primeiro ciclo do concelho, através do preenchimento do Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire -SDQ. O tratamento estatístico dos dados foi realizado através do software IBM ® SPSS ® (IBM -Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 21). RESULTADOS: A taxa de resposta aos questionários distribuídos foi de 82,27% nos encarregados de educação e 86,15% nos professores. A probabilidade de existência de psicopatologia nos questionários preenchidos pelos encarregados de educação e pelos professores foi semelhante (respetivamente 14,2% e 13,68%). Não se encontraram diferenças significativas entre a probabilidade de psicopatologia entre géneros. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: Os dados reportam uma probabilidade de psicopatologia que vai ao encontro da prevalência mundial de 12,36%, nas idades abrangidas por este estudo. Este tipo de levantamento epidemiológico é essencial no alerta para políticas de promoção da saúde que assegurem as necessidades na área da saúde mental infantil. Destaca a necessidade de prevenção e intervenção atempada nesta área. A identificação de desvios significativos no desenvolvimento e comportamento infantil poderá ocorrer primeiramente na escola. Os professores revelam-se, portanto, como fonte de informação de enorme relevância na avaliação de situações de disfunção psicossocial, tornando-se imperativo explorar as suas perceções na avaliação de determinados comportamentos das crianças. 7 A criança existe num contexto sociocultural e, não havendo determinismo genético a nível psicopatológico, há vários fatores de risco descritos na emergência de dificuldades ao nível do desenvolvimento psicoafetivo da infância. Estes podem ser intrínsecos, e relacionados com o temperamento e genética da própria criança, assim como extrínsecos, relacionados com o ambiente sociofamiliar da criança. Salienta-se a artificialidade desta dicotomia, uma vez que os estudos de epigenéti-ca vieram demonstrar como o ambiente codetermina a expressão génica, numa influência recíproca gene/ambiente. A patologia na infância existe quando emergem formas de funcionamento desadaptativas e causadoras do sofrimento. 8 As primeiras relações criam um padrão de expectativas na relação da criança consigo e com os outros, os vários contextos podem potenciar certos traços de funcionamento em detrimento de outros. O Homem é intrinsecamente marcado pelo contexto em que nasce e se desen...