Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) are flea-transmitted pathogens. They are important causes of acute febrile illness throughout the world. We, therefore, sought to identify the rickettsial species present in the fleas of dogs and cats in the department of Cauca, Colombia. In this study, we collected 1,242 fleas from 132 dogs and 43 fleas from 11 cats. All fleas were morphologically identified as Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) adults and organized in pools for DNA extraction (234 pools from dogs and 11 from cats). The gltA gene from rickettsiae was targeted for screening amplification using conventional PCR. In total, 144 of the 245 pools (58.7%) were positive. The positive samples were then processed for the amplification of the 17kDa antigen gene (144/144; 100% positive) and sca5 gene (140/144; 97.2% positive). In addition, restriction enzyme length polymorphism analysis using NlaIV on the amplified product of the sca5 gene demonstrated several organisms: 21/140 (15%) were R. felis, 118/140 (84.3%) were Rickettsia asemboensis, and 1/140 (0.7%) were Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis. Subsequent sequencing confirmed Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis in C. felis collected from dogs the first reported from Colombia.
<p>En un contexto social como el nuestro, en el que se cuestionan los objetivos, métodos<br />y fines de la educación que no se corresponden con las aceleradas transformaciones<br />sociales, y específicamente con las sociedades plurales y multiculturales, emerge la<br />idea de que el Pensamiento Crítico (PC) constituye la vía para construir aulas democráticas,<br />incluyentes y que sobre la base de su presencia en las aulas se construirán<br />sociedades con tales características. En este artículo identificamos teóricamente que<br />el PC no solo está constituido por una dimensión cognitiva, sino también por una<br />dimensión actitudinal. En consecuencia, buscamos identificar qué estrategias desarrolladas<br />por los maestros en el aula generan respuestas, por parte de los estudiantes, </p><p>que revelan actitudes hacia el Pensamiento Crítico. Para ello llevamos a cabo una<br />revisión teórica que permitió comprender qué es el PC, qué significa que se defina<br />como una disposición y qué actitudes se asocian a él, así como lo referido en la literatura<br />respecto a cómo se puede promover o desarrollar en el aula de clases.</p>
This study looks for gains in terms of efficiency for local investors with an internationally diversified portfolio by hedging the exchange risk. To estimate an optimum portfolio with a minimum variance we used a robust methodology which allowed us to make statistical inference and prove that international diversification reduces portfolio risk for local investors. This methodology is applied to stock portfolios held by a Colombian and a Mexican investor, and the conclusion is that hedging exchange rate risk can reduce the risk of the portfolio, with the possible exception of a high negative correlation between the exchange rate and the local stock index.
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