A aplicação de biochar (biocarvão) em solos por causa dos efeitos benéficos é comprovada por muitos pesquisadores internacionais e isto pode aumentar a sorção dos herbicidas e reduzir a eficácia destes no manejo das plantas daninhas. Impactos positivos são relatados em relação ao comportamento ambiental dos herbicidas, pois o aumento da sorção reduz a lixiviação destes produtos para as águas subterrâneas. Impactos negativos são relatados em relação ao manejo agronômico dos herbicidas, pois o aumento da sorção reduz a disponibilidade destes produtos no solo, diminuindo o efeito residual para o controle das plantas daninhas. No Brasil, o biochar é produzido por várias empresas privadas e unidades de pirólise, entretanto, o custo para produção ainda é muito alto, provavelmente por falta de incentivo do governo, baixo uso dos produtores e consciência dos benefícios. Embora o biochar seja utilizado há várias décadas em outros países, no Brasil ainda há poucos estudos desenvolvidos por pesquisadores na área de solos, e a eficiência do biochar na biodisponibilidade de herbicidas no solo ainda é desconhecida por muitos pesquisadores brasileiros na área de plantas daninhas. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar a biodisponibilidade de herbicidas em solos modificados com biochar e destacar a pesquisa com biochar em condições brasileiras, além de apresentar os benefícios ao solo com a adição do biochar. Pouco se sabe sobre o comportamento de herbicidas em solos brasileiros modificados com biochar, que pode ser utilizado com maior intensidade na agricultura moderna. Então, mais pesquisas são necessárias sob nossas condições para realmente entender a dinâmica deste produto no solo.
-The application of biochar to soils because of beneficial effects is proven by many international researchers and this can increase herbicides sorption and reduce effectiveness on weed management. Positive impacts are reported in relation to the environmental behavior of herbicides, since the increase of the sorption reduces the leaching of these products to groundwater. Negative impacts are reported in relation to agronomic management of herbicides, since the sorption increase reduces the availability of these products in the soil, reducing the residual effect for weed control. In Brazil, biochar is produced by several private companies and pyrolysis units, but the cost for production is still very high, probably due to lack of government incentive, low use of producers, and awareness of the benefits. Although biochar has been used for several decades in other countries, in Brazil there are still few studies developed by soil researchers, and biochar efficiency on the bioavailability of herbicide in the soil is still unknown by many weed science Brazilian researchers. Against the above, the objective of this review was to evaluate the bioavailability of herbicides in biochar-amended soils and highlight the research with biochar in Brazilian conditions, besides presenting the benefits to soil with biochar addition. Little is known about the herbicides behavior in Brazilian soils amended with biochar, which can be used with greater intensity in modern agriculture. So more research is needed under our conditions to really we understand the dynamics of this product in the soil. Keywords: black carbon, retention, management practices, soil behavior Resumo -A aplicação de biochar (biocarvão) em solos por causa dos efeitos benéficos é comprovada por muitos pesquisadores internacionais e isto pode aumentar a sorção dos herbicidas e reduzir a eficácia destes no manejo das plantas daninhas. Impactos positivos são relatados em relação ao comportamento ambiental dos herbicidas, pois o aumento da sorção reduz a lixiviação destes produtos para as águas subterrâneas. Impactos negativos são relatados em relação ao manejo agronômico dos herbicidas, pois o aumento da sorção reduz a disponibilidade destes produtos no solo, diminuindo o efeito residual para o controle das plantas daninhas. No Brasil, o biochar é produzido por várias empresas privadas e unidades de pirólise, entretanto, o custo para produção ainda é muito alto, Mendes et al. Rev. Bras. Herb
Cattle ranching is the largest driver of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The rainforest- to-pasture conversion affects the methane cycle in upland soils, changing it from sink to source of atmospheric methane. However, it remains unknown if management practices could reduce the impact of land-use on methane cycling. In this work, we evaluated how pasture management can regulate the soil methane cycle either by maintaining continuous grass coverage on pasture soils, or by liming the soil to amend acidity. Methane fluxes from forest and pasture soils were evaluated in moisture-controlled greenhouse experiments with and without grass cover (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) or liming. In parallel, we assessed changes in the soil microbial community structure of both bare pasture soil as well as rhizosphere soil through high throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, and quantified the methane cycling microbiota by their respective marker genes related to methane generation (mcrA) or oxidation (pmoA). The experiments used soils from eastern and western Amazonia, and concurrent field studies allowed us to confirm greenhouse data. The presence of a grass cover not only increased methane uptake by up to 35% in pasture soils, but also reduced the abundance of the methane-producing community. In the grass rhizosphere this reduction was up to 10-fold. Methane-producing archaea belonged to the genera Methanosarcina sp., Methanocella sp., Methanobacterium sp., and Rice Cluster I. Further, we showed that liming compromised the capacity of forest and pasture soils to be a sink for methane, and instead converted formerly methane-consuming forest soils to become methane sources in only 40-80 days. Our results demonstrate that pasture management that maintains grass coverage can mitigate soil methane emissions, if compared to a bare pasture soil.
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