Presently, there are approximately 4.8 million adults under community supervision in the United States. Research has revealed that between 60 and 80% of the people who are under the control of the criminal justice system have substance use‐related issues. As a result, mandatory drug testing is frequently included in probation and parole conditions. The drug testing of probationers and parolees can be conducted using such methods as buccal swabs and urine testing. This entry will examine the most common and successful techniques of drug monitoring in today's system of community corrections.
There is a seemingly ignored class of victims within society. These are the animal victims of interpersonal relationships, illegal animal fighting, and animal hoarding. This victimization occurs within the context of such situations as child abuse and neglect, and intimate partner violence. In addition, recent television shows have brought to the forefront the plight of animals in cases of illegal animal fighting and animal hoarding that are often related to other criminal offenses. In order to break the mold of conventional thinking, a focus must be placed on this form of victimization, which could provide an in‐depth view of co‐occurrences of human criminal behavior. This essay explores these relationships and provides a forum in which to study a nearly forgotten segment of societal victims.
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