This paper explores German-Jewish philosopher Hermann Cohen's challenge to materialist theories that anticipate capitalism's collapse and assert socialism's dependence upon self-interest. It places Cohen's religious socialism in conversation with a cohort of Jews who led and sacrificed their lives for the German revolution of 1918–1919. I argue that although self-interest and an insistence upon socialism's inevitability may motivate revolutionary action, it can also result in quietism. Through Cohen's Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism, I show how Jewish prayer functions as a ritual practice of ethical recommitment to a cause that appears unrealizable. Cohen's notion of prayer as dialogical monologue—wherein the petitioner addresses a unique and, according to Cohen, silent God—allowed him to overcome doubt and self-interest. Beyond what Kant understood as prayer's socializing power, this paper uncovers the capacity of dialogical monologue to re-tether individuals to movements that cannot guarantee victory, yet which make ethical demands of us anyway.
This article reads the eighth series of modern Doctor Who alongside Ernst Bloch's Atheism in Christianity. Applying Bloch's motifs of utopianism, God on High, and God of Exodus, it suggests that Doctor Who—and, to a lesser degree, Torchwood: Children of the Earth—presents a narrative that is at once deeply formed by atheist materialism and Christian messianism. Through the character analysis of the Doctor as well as secondary and tertiary characters, this article posits that both the atheist–Christian theology of Bloch and recent turns in Doctor Who fundamentally require the dissolution of all polity and ethical dimensions within religion. Whereas most analyses of the Doctor as a Christ figure examine Doctor Who's third series, this article does so with a focus on the tendencies toward exodus and liberation present in the eighth series. In doing so, it aims to challenge the assumptions of previous studies that have placed Doctor Who's atheism in tension with its Christian imagery and to suggest Bloch's model as a more helpful tool for thinking about the Doctor as a deified protagonist with both atheist and Christian characteristics. This work seeks to consider atheism and theism as forces that can and do exist concurrently in science fiction and Marxist theory, taking shape in a terrain that is neither exclusively Christian nor exclusively atheist and which is made possible through the theoretical vehicles of deification and theodicy.
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