Resistance to extinction of discriminated barpress avoidance in rats was assessed through the use of three procedures. each of \I hich served to break the response-reinforcement contingency: classical extinction ICEl. operant ex tinction (OL). and a variable-ratio shock schedule (VR). Greatest resistance to extinction was found for the VR group. followed by or and then b~C1 55. thus supporting a discriminative rather than a motivational analysis. Reacquisition rates 1'0110\\ ing extinction suggested evidence of "learned helplessness" in some Ss exposed to noncontingent C5-lJ5 presentations.
In his discussion of two-factor experiments, Winer (1971) points out that it may be desirable to remove the interaction (and thus obtain additivity of effects) through a monotonic data transformation. The present authors extend Lubin's (1961) discussion of ordinal and disordinal interactions by introducing the concept of "dual-ordinal." This concept is important since a transformation cannot bring about additivity of effects unless the interaction is "dual-ordinal" in nature. For the applied researcher, a simple rule-of-thumb is set forth which allows one to determine, through visual inspection of a single interaction graph, whether or not an interaction is dual-ordinal.
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