[1] We present a regional analysis of CH 3 OH and (CH 3 ) 2 CO in the New England continental and coastal marine atmospheres. Vegetative emissions over land comprise 60 -80% of the daily peak-to-peak differences in the diurnal cycles of these oxygenated hydrocarbons. In the morning downward mixing of remnant boundary layer air over land provides an additional source equal to more than half of the vegetative emission strength. The ocean is both a sink and a source of CH 3 OH and (CH 3 ) 2 CO, with dry depositional losses 2-fold greater than their source counterparts of 0.35 and 0.17 ppbv d À1 respectively. Anthropogenic emissions compensate for 59% and 52% of CH 3 OH and (CH 3 ) 2 CO oceanic sink respectively, whereas over land this source is relatively small compared to substantial vegetative sources. Direct measurements of ocean-and land-air fluxes of CH 3 OH and (CH 3 ) 2 CO and boundary layer height are needed to better constrain their regional budgets. Citation: Mao, H., R. Talbot, C. Nielsen, and B. Sive (2006), Controls on methanol and acetone in marine and continental atmospheres, Geophys.
A mu-capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for detection of IgM antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Virus-specific IgM was detected using horseradish peroxidase labelled nuclear CMV antigen (CMV-ELA). False-positive reactions caused by Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn (PBD) positive sera and antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive sera were identified in a combination assay employing enzyme labelled nuclear control antigen (CO-ELA) in parallel to the CMV-ELA. Four of five PBD positive and 30 of 31 ANA positive sera reactive with the CMV-ELA were identified as false positive reactions in the combined ELA-assay. The reactivity in PBD-positive sera could not be explained by antigenic cross reactivity between CMV and Epstein-Barr virus, and the results further suggested that different cell specified components of the CMV-ELA were responsible for the reactivity of PBD-positive as compared to ANA-positive sera. One of 314 healthy blood donors, 12 of 12 patients with primary CMV infection, and 11 of 15 patients with secondary CMV infection had detectable CMV IgM antibodies. Comparison of different CMV-ELAs revealed that pronounced differences in specificity as well as sensitivity may exist.
Heat‐stable antigens from Helicobacter pylori were investigated for the detection of serum IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against H. pylori by an ELISA technique. Antibody titers against H. pylori were measured in 167 dyspeptic patients, of whom 96 were H. pylori positive confirmed by culture or microscopy, and in 482 controls (0–98 years). Increased IgG antibody titers were found significantly more often in dyspeptic patients with active chronic gastritis than in patients with normal morphology, as well as in H. pylori‐positive patients as compared to H. pylori‐negative patients, independent of the endoscopic findings. The heat‐stable antigens were compared with acid glycine‐extracted antigens and a high degree of concordance was found in the results obtained with the two antigen preparations. The differences in the IgA antibody titers against H. pylori between H. pylori‐positive and H. pylori‐negative dyspeptic patients were significant and may be useful to confirm a borderline IgG result. No differences were found in IgM antibody titer between H. pylori‐positive and ‐negative patients. The greatest age‐dependent increase in IgG and IgA antibody titers was found in children, and if a lower cut‐off level is used for children than for adults, as has been proposed, the proportion of people with increased antibody titers against H. pylori would be almost constant from the age of between five and 10 years until the time between 61 and 80 years. Comparison of H. pylori IgG antibodies with IgG antibodies against Campylobacter jejuni and total antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV) showed a greater similarity between H. pylori and C. jejuni (R = 0.51) than between H. pylori and CMV (R = 0.22). This may possibly be caused by cross‐reactions between H. pylori and C. jejuni. The H. pylori heat‐stabile antigen seems not to be very different from other crude H. pylori antigens like acid glycine‐extracted antigens, but purification and characterization of the antigens are needed to improve antibody assays.
Itisw ell established thatdynamic conditions expressed ast ilted fluid contacts characterizemost hydrocarbon accumulations inNorthSea Chalkreservoirs.Chalkisalow-permeability,high-porosity rock and propertiesgrade smoothly from reservoiro verbaffle to seal. The naturaldynamic conditionsp revailbecause pressuredissipation takesplace through the rock matrix,asfracture-supported flow oftenisminimal. The dynamic conditions arei mposed byp rocesseso ccurringon ag eologicalt ime-scalea ndresult mainly inl ateralp ressure differencesint he waterz onea nde veninl ateralp ressured ifferencesint he oilz one.Re-equilibration offl uid contacts also occurs on ageologicaltime-scale.Theseprocessesareofparamount importance for trapdefinition andimposesevererestrictions on migration distances.Reservoirs imulation techniquesarea pplied, incombination withb ack-stripping, to the simulation of geologicalt ime-scalesecondary migration andtrapping.Flow simulation ofthe fillingd ynamicso fachalk reservoirs hows ac omplexfillingg eometry dueto the high capillary entry pressuresint he low-permeability chalks. Such internalbarriers will re-directhydrocarbons andresidualoilcanbe leftonthe migration route.The process ofh ydrocarbon chargingi ss low ande quilibration ofh ydrocarbons withrespectt op ressureg radients, therefore, also occurs very slowly. The Kraka Fielda ndthe DanandH alfdanfieldsaresubjected to studieso f primary oilchargingandre-migration inthispaperandthe dynamic oilonDanFieldwest flankissuccessfully mimicked.Results show thatatimespaninthe orderof2Ma isrequired for the hydrocarbons to reach the summit inanapproximately equilibrium statefrom aflankingposition. However,evendynamic equilibrium maynot be fully obtained dueto re-perturbation bytectonic movementsandchangingwaterzonepressuregradients. Results show thatsaturation profilesindrilled wells mayappearindrainage equilibrium whileunderpartialre-imbibition, which impairs saturation modelling.
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