Three major journals in counseling psychology were sampled from 1990 to 1999 to assess the percentage of quantitative, empirical articles that were theory driven. Only 43% of the studies utilized a theory or model, and 57% predicted the relation between the variables, with few studies specifying the strength of the relation. Studies sampled in the Journal of Counseling Psychology (63%) and the Journal of Vocational Behavior (65%) reported a significantly higher percentage of theory-driven research than the Journal of Counseling and Development (43%). A higher proportion of Journal of Counseling Psychology studies compared with Journal of Counseling and Development studies anchored findings to theory. Few studies replicated previous studies. This paucity implies that replication is underutilized by the field as a potentially fruitful way to substantiate empirical knowledge. A binary logistic regression was conducted to examine trends over time. No trends emerged. Suggestions for future implementation of theory and implications for counseling psychology as a field are offered.
This rejoinder responds to the four reactions in the May 2005 issue of The Counseling Psychologist. Areas of possible confusion are clarified, and relevant examples are highlighted. Of particular interest are examples of the nomological network, which offers an excellent tool for counseling psychologists and others in related disciplines as well as within the broader field of psychology. In addition, the implications of current and future theoretical and empirical investigation of multicultural issues are discussed.In considering the comments offered by the reactants, we thank them for contributing to this discussion of theory-driven research. First, we address Nancy Betz's (2005 [this issue]) reaction that elucidated the use of nomological networks as a vehicle for testing theories. Second, we comment on Cheryl Gore-Felton's (2005 [this issue]) concern regarding whether specific journals represent the field. Next, Dong-gwi Lee's (2005 [this issue]) suggestions for multiculturally based research and analyses are discussed. Finally, the implications of Jeffrey Kahn's (2005 [this issue]) response are reviewed in the context of theory-driven research, especially his suggestions for improving theory precision. RESPONSE TO BETZ (2005 [THIS ISSUE]): LOOKING AHEADWe lead with our rejoinder to Betz because this reaction focused on our original intent for pursuing this line of research, namely, to catapult the field forward. Betz went further with some practical suggestions for teaching graduate students and for informing scholars in the field about how to conceptualize future theory-driven or model-driven studies. Betz's example of a
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