RESUMOObjetivou-se neste trabalho descrever as características morfológicas de plântulas durante a germinação de Psidium cattleianum Sabine e Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret. Para a descrição da germinação e das características morfológicas das plântulas, 100 sementes foram colocadas para germinar em substrato papel tipo germitest à temperatura de 25ºC. Foram analisados: tipo, forma e coloração da raiz; pilosidade, forma e coloração do hipocótilo e do epicótilo; consistência, textura, forma, nervação, coloração, tipo de bordo, ápice e base dos cotilédones e protófilos. A germinação de ambas é epígea fanerocotiledonar, formando plântula com sistema radicial axial, raiz principal pivotante longa, com paracotilédones e eofilos simples e opostos. Foram registradas glândulas e células secretoras em todos os órgãos, exceto na raiz, para as duas espécies. A semente de Psidium cattleianum inicia germinação aproximadamente 10 dias após a semeadura quando ocorre a abertura do opérculo e a protrusão radicular. Acca sellowiana, após 28 dias, apresenta hipocótilo longo, cilíndrico, ereto, de coloração marrom-avermelhada, glabro. Na ocorrência de total exposição dos paracotilédones, estes já apresentam coloração verde intensa, demonstrando o potencial fotossintetizante pela plântula em crescimento. A descrição do processo germinativo juntamente com a morfologia de plântulas constitui importante elemento de reconhecimento de espécies. Palavras-chave: Eofilos; paracotilédones; morfologia vegetal. ABSTRACTThis study describes the morphological characterization during seedling development of Psidium cattleianum Sabine e Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret. To describe germination and seedling morphology, 100 seeds were allowed to germinate on germitest paper as substrate at a temperature of 25 °C. Were analyzed: type, shape and color of the root, hairiness, shape and coloration of hypocotyl and epicotyl, consistency, texture, shape, venation, color, type of board, apex and base of the cotyledons and protophilus. The germination is epigeous phanerocotyledonal for both species, forming seedlings with an axial root system, long pivoting main root with paracotyledons and simple eophylls, opposites. Glands and secreting cells were observed in all organs except in the root system for both species. The germination of the
The aim of this study was to characterize the demographic structure and spatial pattern of Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg, Myrcianthes gigantea (D. Legrand) D. Legrand and Myrciaria delicatula (DC.) O. Berg. Within one hectare of Ombrophilous Mixed Forest, all the three populations' individuals were counted and measured with regard to their height and diameter. From the collected data, the assessment of the demographic structure was realized after the individual's size classification. Spatial pattern was determined by applying the Standardized Morisita's Index. C. xanthocarpa and M. delicatula showed an inverted-J frequency distribution in the individuals size classes, which differed from M. gigantea that did not follow the same pattern. The spatial pattern of C. xanthocarpa and M. delicatula populations was found mainly to be aggregated; whereas, M. gigantea showed spatial randomness. The three Myrtaceae populations responded differently with regard to structure and spatial distribution in sites with the same environmental filters.
Illegal logging remains widespread across the tropics, causing extensive forest degradation and trade in illegal timber products. By adapting environmentally extended input-output modeling to timber originating from Brazilian native forests, we demonstrate how distinct illegality risks can be mapped and quantified at species-level, across the supply-chain. We focus on high-value ipê from the Amazon state of Pará, a leading producer of timber and contested forest frontier. Data on logging permits and state- and national-level Document of Forest Origin are used to estimate illegality risks due to missing or invalid logging permits, overstated ipê yields, and discrepancies resulting from missing inflows of legal timber. We find that less than one fourth of all ipê volume entering supply-chains between 2009-2019 is risk-free and highlight diversified strategies for laundering of illegal timber are across geographies, information that can be leveraged to improve implementation and enforcement of existing forest regulations.
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