In this study, an alcohol soluble novel naphthalene diimide (NDI)−thiophene-based cathode interface layer (CIL), PNDIT10N, is reported. PNDIT10N was synthesized in a facile three-step method, processed from environmentally friendly benzyl alcohol (BnOH) and employed in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). The three polymer donors TQ1, PTNT, and PTB7-Th were paired with the fullerene acceptor PC 71 BM for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layers to evaluate the CIL. The modification of the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode with a ∼3 nm thin layer of PNDIT10N yielded a significant reduction of 0.8 eV in the work function, reducing it from 4.6 to 3.8 eV, effectively transforming ITO to a functioning cathode. PSCs with a TQ1/PC 71 BM BHJ layer and incorporating a PNDIT10N interlayer were found to have a high J sc value of 10.5 mA cm −2 , V oc value of 909 mV, and an FF value of 68%, resulting in the highest PCE of 6.7% for TQ1 donor in the inverted device structure. Of note, the interface layer showed a good stability in ambient atmosphere for a 10 d indoor aging period, both in darkness and exposed to direct sunlight. Additionally, flexible PSCs incorporating slot-die coated PNDIT10N, processed from a BnOH− acetone solution, and BHJ layer in air achieved a PCE of 1.6%.
An easily accessible anthraquinone‐benzodithiophene‐based high bandgap polymer (PTAq) was synthesized by Stille coupling reactions in remarkably high yield (96.5%). The highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the polymer was estimated from the onset of oxidation in a cyclic voltammetry study to be −5.7 eV. PTAq showed an orange‐to‐green color switching with the application of a 1.0‐V external potential to the polymer film, which was visible to the naked eye. The optical behavior change was also monitored using ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy and revealed a respectable 75% transmittance change when the polymer film was subjected to a 1.0‐V external potential. The high color contrast observed makes PTAq one of the most promising materials for electrochromic device applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47729.
Purpose-To describe 3 cases of primary orbital melanoma associated with either known or subsequently discovered cellular blue nevus. Methods-The clinical records and surgical specimens of 3 patients who underwent orbital exenteration for primary orbital melanoma and who had a cellular blue nevus diagnosed before or after detection of the melanoma were retrospectively reviewed.Results-All 3 patients presented with signs and symptoms of an orbital mass. Subsequent biopsy revealed invasive melanoma. One patient had a known history of congenital cellular blue nevus of the eyelid from which the orbital melanoma originated. The other 2 patients had no known history of cutaneous pigmentation or blue nevus. In these 2 patients, the cellular blue nevus was detected on pathologic review of the orbital exenteration specimen (1 patient) or surgical biopsy specimen (1 patient). All 3 patients underwent total body positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and in all 3 results were negative for other sites of disease involvement. In the 2 patients without a previously known nevus a total body skin check was negative for other primary melanoma lesions. All 3 patients underwent orbital exenteration followed by postoperative radiation therapy.Conclusions-Thorough evaluation of biopsy specimens of "primary" orbital melanoma is warranted to ensure identification of any associated blue nevus because blue nevi are precursor lesions for orbital melanoma, and the presence of a blue nevus would support a primary orbital melanoma rather than a metastatic lesion. Patients with a known blue nevus of the periocular skin and ocular adnexa should be monitored closely for signs of malignant transformation.
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