Simulated temporal bones created by this process have potential benefit in surgical training, preoperative simulation for challenging otologic cases, and the standardized testing of temporal bone surgical skills.
T he 3-D geometry of bones and joints can be determined from MRI or CT images, and MRI-based 3-D models of articular surfaces have been reported. 1,2 Geometric accuracy of CT images have been described in several studies, including studies that focused on cortical thickness 3 and geometry of the articular surface. 4-7 Accuracy of CT, cone-beam CT, and micro-CT is influenced by several factors, including beam orientation relative to the scan surface and slice thickness. 3 An increase in the popularity of additive manufacturing has led to the common use of CT data to create 3-D or physical models. Accuracy of additive manufacturing models produced from CT-derived 3-D models has been evaluated with a focus on CT scan variables and CT scan segmentation variables. 8,9 Imaging with CT has been used to assess the shape and relative position of bones, 10 estimate joint loads, 11-13 conduct computational modeling of articular contact, 14,15 assess pathological changes in joints, 16,17 and plan surgical procedures. 18 Evaluation of the geometric accuracy of computed tomography and microcomputed tomography of the articular surface of the distal portion of the radius of cats
Hybrid Manufacturing Processes (HMP) can significantly reduce time to customer, waste, and tooling costs per part, while increasing possible part geometric complexity for small batch parts. In the following chapter, HMP is defined by the production of parts produced first with a near-net shape process using methods including: additive manufacturing, casting, injection molding, etc., which is then coupled with multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) subtractive machining or some other secondary material removal process. Creating process plans for such hybrid manufacturing processes typically takes weeks rather than hours or days. This chapter outlines several hybrid manufacturing processes and the intricacies required to develop process plans for these complex linked processes. A featurebased advanced hybrid manufacturing process planning system (FAH-PS) uses feature-specific geometric, tolerance, and material data inputs to generate automated process plans based on user-specified feature precedence for additivesubtractive hybrid manufacturing. Plans generated by FAH-PS can optimize process plans to minimize tool changes, orientation changes, etc., to improve process times. A case study of additive-subtractive methods for a patient-specific bone plate, demonstrates system capabilities and processing time reductions as compared to the current manual process planning for hybrid manufacturing methodologies. Using the generated FAH-PS process plan resulted in a 35% reduction in machining time from the current hybrid manufacturing strategy.
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