Background: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is popularly known for its huge deposit of crude oil which during explorative activities has led to the pollution of soil and water bodies of nearby coastal regions such as Ogoni. Aim: This study aimed to assess the bacterial diversity of the GIT of induvial living in hydrocarbon-impacted Ogoni communities. Methods: Eighty (80) stool samples were collected as case subjects (people living in hydrocarbon-impacted Ogoni communities). Twenty (20) subjects were collected as control samples (people living in Ikenga Ogidi in Idemili North LGAs of Anambra State Nigeria which is a non-hydrocarbon- impacted region). These samples were cultured and analyzed for genomic studies using standard procedures, antimicrobial profiling was done using standard antibiotic disc, the resistant and virulent genes were also assessed using the thermal cycler PCR techniques. Results: The phylogenic analyses of the 16S rRNA for case and control subjects review the isolates within the Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia, Morganella, Proteus, and Lysinibacibacillus mecroides, Commamonas thiooxydans, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter asburiae respectively. Antibiotic resistance profiling reviewed resistance to the following antibiotic AZN (43%), CIP (11%), EPT (20%), CT (47%), IPM (11%), CN (40%), NOR (11%), CTX (94%), and AZN (0%), CIP (40%), EPT (20%), CT (80%), IPM10%, CN20%, NOR (70%,) CTX (70%) for case and control subjects respectively. The prevalence of resistance genes were CTX (56%), SHV (28%), TEM (28%) for case subjects. The virulence genes, Stx1 had (16%), Adhesin (40%), Stx (10%) and Adhesin (20%) for case and control respectively. No resistance genes were found in the control while more virulence genes were found in the case than the control subjects. Conclusion: These finding revealed that individual living in hydrocarbon impacted Ogoni communities harbor resistance genes that could pose great risk to their health.
Aim: This study aimed to assess the quality of drinking water in some hydrocarbon-impacted Ogoni communities. Study Design: The study employ a cross-sectional and analytical design using stratified sampling method. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Laboratory Science of Rivers State University, Giolee Global Resource Limited and Environmental Consultancy Services between March 2020 and March 2021. Methodology: Water samples were collected from (20 hydrocarbon- impacted communities) in the 4 Local Government Area (LGAs) of Ogoni land. These water samples were analyzed to determine the physicochemical, bacteriological, heavy metal and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) parameters using standard methods and operational procedures. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. The general linearized model (GIG) was used to generate analysis of variance (ANOVA) mean and standard error and arrange, statistically significant was set as p-value of .05 (95% confidence limit). Pearson correlation test was used to calculate the correlation between TPH, Heavy metal, and physicochemical parameters in hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon impacted communities. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (Version 8). Results: The results obtained for physicochemical parameters were pH 4.3±0.8 mg/l, EC 0.03±0.05 mg/l, DO 5.5±1.6 mg/l, Temp 25.0±0.0 mg/l, Mv 0.32±0.27 mg/l, Nitrite 0.0058±013 mg/l, Nitrate 0.1530±158 mg/l. These results were all below the recommended standard for Nigeria standard of drinking water quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization (WHO). The bacteriological analyses were carried out using multiple tubes technique (Most Probable Number), total coliform count, (TC), total heterotrophic count (THBC) and total fungal count (TFC). The results obtained were 0.941±2.397 cfu/ml, 89.3±176.6 cfu/ml, 297.8±144.4 cfu/ml, and 0.32±0.84 cfu/ml respectively. The p-values for TFC (<0.0002) were statistically significant. Heavy metal profiling was: Cr 0.194±0.320 mg/l, Cd 0.469±0.569 mg/l, Cu 0.211±0.348 mg/l, Pb 0.0336±0.20 mg/l, Fe 0.705±1.244 mg/l, Zn 0.258±0.249 mg/l, respectively. Generally, the concentration of heavy metal increased more than the standard recommended by NSDWQ and WHO except for Zn 0.255±0.249 mg/l, and Cu 0.56±0.50 mg/l, that is slightly lower than the acceptable limit recommended by WHO and NSWWQ. The sequences of heavy metal concentration were in Cd > Cr> Pb>Fe> Cu.>Zn. The statistical significance values for Pb p=.003 and for Zn p=.009 were statistically significant. The concentration of TPH were (349.9 ppm/ml) higher than the recommended values for NSDWQ and WHO. Conclusion: The findings in this research reviewed a worrisome level of TPH and Pb, and which could have devastating impact on bacterial biodiversity.
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