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The aim of this paper is to analyse the factors associated with the dropout from brief psychotherapy for adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) treated at a mental health outpatient clinic. This is a randomized clinical trial with two models of psychotherapy: cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and supportive expressive dynamic psychotherapy (SEDP). MDD and anxiety disorders were evaluated through the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview‐Plus. The personality disorders were evaluated by the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐III. The severity of depressive symptoms was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory‐II and resilience through Resilience Scale. Of the 215 participants, 41.9% abandoned psychotherapy (n = 90), and, of these, 54.4% (n = 49) abandoned after the fourth session. The proportion of psychotherapy dropout was higher among those with nonwhite skin colour, belonging to economic classes C and D, who had children and whose depressive symptoms were moderate. Presence of obsessive–compulsive personality trait was protective against dropout. The damage caused by this abrupt interruption is evident for all those involved in the psychotherapeutic process, so the clinician should pay attention to the predictors found in this study in order to develop strategies that promote therapeutic adherence.

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